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英语动词分类以及用法
■及物动词与不及物动词
根据后面是否带宾语,行为动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词,及物动词(vt. ) 后面要跟宾语,不及物动词(vi. ) 不跟宾语。如:
They study hard. 他们勤奋学习。(study后没有宾语,是不及物动词)
I know them well. 我很了解他们。(know后有宾语them,是及物动词)
注:有的动词既可作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词。如:
She sings very well. 她唱得很好。(sing是不及物动词)
She sang an English song just now. 她刚才唱了一首英文歌。(sing是及物动词)
■动态动词和静态动词
根据词义特点,行为动词可分为动态动词和静态动词。动态动词表示动作,如give, take, work, run等;静态动词表示感觉、情感、内心世界、相互关系等,如know, live, lie, exist, be, have, mean, seem, appear, sound, prove, concerns, hate, dislike, like, love, prefer, surprise, astonish, satisfy, contain, include, matter depend on, belong to, guess, suppose,imagine, believe, doubt, admire, envy等。
■延续性动词和非延续性动词
根据动作是否延续,行为动词又分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。如rain, live, work, learn等是延续性动词,go, come, leave, start, arrive, join, finish, end等是非延续性动词。
注:非延续性动词在肯定句中通常不与表示时间段连用的for短语连用。如:
[译]他离开这里三天了。
[误]He has left here for three days.
[正]He has been away from here for three days.
[正]He left here three days ago.
[正]It’s three days since he left.
■限定动词与非限定动词
限定动词在句中作谓语,有人称和数的变化。非限定动词有动词不定式、动名词和分词三种,在句中不能单独作谓语,没有人称和数的变化(详见非谓语动词一章) 。如:
The room needs cleaning. 这房间需要清洁了。(needs在句中用谓语,是限定动词;cleaning是动名词作needs的宾语,属非限定动词)
实义动词又有及物动词和不及物动词两类。
1)及物动词 后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词(transitive verb)。
e.g.A)He raised his glass and said: "Your health, Carl."他举起了杯子说道:"祝你健康,卡尔。"
B)They are going to raise funds for the school buildings.
他们将为盖校舍筹集资金。
C)Raise your right hand. 举起你的右手。
2)不及物动词 本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。
e.g.A)The sun has not yet risen. 太阳还没升起。
B)The river rises in the mountains. 这河发源于群山之中。
3)兼作及物动词和不及物动词 英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况:
a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,意义不变。试比较:
Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)
She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)
When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的?(leave 作及物动词)
They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)
b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,有时意义不尽相同。如:
Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。
Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?
4) 与汉语的比较 有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法,与汉语的用法不一样,请注意下列两种情况:
a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词,而汉语则可用作及物动词,如arrive到达,agree同意,1isten听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。如:
We arrived at the railway station at noon.我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去)(比较:We reached the railway station at noon.)
Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不可省去)(比较:We all heard the lecture.)
Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去)
b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词,而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词,如serve为…服务。
Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务
表推测的can / could有何区别
先看看下面这道题:
—Do you believe what he says?
—Yes,it __________ be true.
A. can B. could C. need D. has to
此题应选B。该题容易误选A。下面谈谈can,could表示推测的有关用法:
1. 表示理论上的可能性(即从理论上分析是可能的,但实际未必会发生),可用 can(表现在)或 could(表过去):
He is in poor health. He can be ill at any time. 他身体不好,随时都可能会生病。
Even experts can make mistakes. 即使是专家也可能会出差错。
My mother could be very unpleasant at times. 我母亲有时候会让人非常不愉快。
2. 表示现实可能性,这包含两个方面的含义:一是指将来可能性,一是指现在的可能性,在这两种用法中,通常都不用 can,但可用 could(可以指现在,相当于 may / might):
今年夏天我们可能要去日本。(将来可能性)
正:We could [may,might] go to Japan this summer.
误:We can go to Japan this summer.
你可能是对的,但我不认为你对。(现在可能性)
正:You could [may,might] be right,but I don’t think you are.
误:You can be right,but I don’t think you are.
有时也用can来表示现在的可能性,但那通常只限于否定句或疑问句中:
It can’t be true. 那不可能是真的。
What can he possibly want? 他可能会想要什么呢?
一般情态动词考题的考查主要涉及两个方面,一是对情态动词所用句型的考查,二是对情态动词在一定的语境中的意义的考查。如:
1. “Is John coming by train?” “He should, but he ________ not. He likes driving his car.”
A. must B. can C. need D. may
最佳答案为D。may 表推测,may not 意为“可能不(会坐火车来)”。句中的 He should 为 He should come by train 之省略,由于其后出现转折连词 but,说明语意有变化,再结合下文的 He likes driving his car,便可决定此题选D。注意,不能选B,因为can表示推测时通常不用肯定陈述句。
2. “I heard they went skiing in the mountains last winter.” “It ____ true because there was little snow there.”
A. may not be B. won’t be C. couldn’t be D. mustn’t be
此题最佳答案为C,主要由下文的 because there was little snow there 这一语境所决定,既然“没下什么雪”,那么“滑雪”就应是“不可能”,所以选 couldn’t be,即选C。
3. “Do you think he is lazy?” “I ________ so once, but I don’t now.”
A. may have thought B. can have thought
C. may think D. might think
答案选A。从答话人的语境可知,空格处的意思“曾经这样想过”,即对过去情况作推测,故应用“情态动词+动词完成式”;又因为 can 表推测不用于肯定句,故选A。
■及物动词与不及物动词
根据后面是否带宾语,行为动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词,及物动词(vt. ) 后面要跟宾语,不及物动词(vi. ) 不跟宾语。如:
They study hard. 他们勤奋学习。(study后没有宾语,是不及物动词)
I know them well. 我很了解他们。(know后有宾语them,是及物动词)
注:有的动词既可作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词。如:
She sings very well. 她唱得很好。(sing是不及物动词)
She sang an English song just now. 她刚才唱了一首英文歌。(sing是及物动词)
■动态动词和静态动词
根据词义特点,行为动词可分为动态动词和静态动词。动态动词表示动作,如give, take, work, run等;静态动词表示感觉、情感、内心世界、相互关系等,如know, live, lie, exist, be, have, mean, seem, appear, sound, prove, concerns, hate, dislike, like, love, prefer, surprise, astonish, satisfy, contain, include, matter depend on, belong to, guess, suppose,imagine, believe, doubt, admire, envy等。
■延续性动词和非延续性动词
根据动作是否延续,行为动词又分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。如rain, live, work, learn等是延续性动词,go, come, leave, start, arrive, join, finish, end等是非延续性动词。
注:非延续性动词在肯定句中通常不与表示时间段连用的for短语连用。如:
[译]他离开这里三天了。
[误]He has left here for three days.
[正]He has been away from here for three days.
[正]He left here three days ago.
[正]It’s three days since he left.
■限定动词与非限定动词
限定动词在句中作谓语,有人称和数的变化。非限定动词有动词不定式、动名词和分词三种,在句中不能单独作谓语,没有人称和数的变化(详见非谓语动词一章) 。如:
The room needs cleaning. 这房间需要清洁了。(needs在句中用谓语,是限定动词;cleaning是动名词作needs的宾语,属非限定动词)
实义动词又有及物动词和不及物动词两类。
1)及物动词 后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词(transitive verb)。
e.g.A)He raised his glass and said: "Your health, Carl."他举起了杯子说道:"祝你健康,卡尔。"
B)They are going to raise funds for the school buildings.
他们将为盖校舍筹集资金。
C)Raise your right hand. 举起你的右手。
2)不及物动词 本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。
e.g.A)The sun has not yet risen. 太阳还没升起。
B)The river rises in the mountains. 这河发源于群山之中。
3)兼作及物动词和不及物动词 英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况:
a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,意义不变。试比较:
Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)
She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)
When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的?(leave 作及物动词)
They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)
b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,有时意义不尽相同。如:
Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。
Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?
4) 与汉语的比较 有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法,与汉语的用法不一样,请注意下列两种情况:
a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词,而汉语则可用作及物动词,如arrive到达,agree同意,1isten听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。如:
We arrived at the railway station at noon.我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去)(比较:We reached the railway station at noon.)
Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不可省去)(比较:We all heard the lecture.)
Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去)
b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词,而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词,如serve为…服务。
Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务
表推测的can / could有何区别
先看看下面这道题:
—Do you believe what he says?
—Yes,it __________ be true.
A. can B. could C. need D. has to
此题应选B。该题容易误选A。下面谈谈can,could表示推测的有关用法:
1. 表示理论上的可能性(即从理论上分析是可能的,但实际未必会发生),可用 can(表现在)或 could(表过去):
He is in poor health. He can be ill at any time. 他身体不好,随时都可能会生病。
Even experts can make mistakes. 即使是专家也可能会出差错。
My mother could be very unpleasant at times. 我母亲有时候会让人非常不愉快。
2. 表示现实可能性,这包含两个方面的含义:一是指将来可能性,一是指现在的可能性,在这两种用法中,通常都不用 can,但可用 could(可以指现在,相当于 may / might):
今年夏天我们可能要去日本。(将来可能性)
正:We could [may,might] go to Japan this summer.
误:We can go to Japan this summer.
你可能是对的,但我不认为你对。(现在可能性)
正:You could [may,might] be right,but I don’t think you are.
误:You can be right,but I don’t think you are.
有时也用can来表示现在的可能性,但那通常只限于否定句或疑问句中:
It can’t be true. 那不可能是真的。
What can he possibly want? 他可能会想要什么呢?
一般情态动词考题的考查主要涉及两个方面,一是对情态动词所用句型的考查,二是对情态动词在一定的语境中的意义的考查。如:
1. “Is John coming by train?” “He should, but he ________ not. He likes driving his car.”
A. must B. can C. need D. may
最佳答案为D。may 表推测,may not 意为“可能不(会坐火车来)”。句中的 He should 为 He should come by train 之省略,由于其后出现转折连词 but,说明语意有变化,再结合下文的 He likes driving his car,便可决定此题选D。注意,不能选B,因为can表示推测时通常不用肯定陈述句。
2. “I heard they went skiing in the mountains last winter.” “It ____ true because there was little snow there.”
A. may not be B. won’t be C. couldn’t be D. mustn’t be
此题最佳答案为C,主要由下文的 because there was little snow there 这一语境所决定,既然“没下什么雪”,那么“滑雪”就应是“不可能”,所以选 couldn’t be,即选C。
3. “Do you think he is lazy?” “I ________ so once, but I don’t now.”
A. may have thought B. can have thought
C. may think D. might think
答案选A。从答话人的语境可知,空格处的意思“曾经这样想过”,即对过去情况作推测,故应用“情态动词+动词完成式”;又因为 can 表推测不用于肯定句,故选A。
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