名词性从句中,what和which的区别及用法

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wangpanyong110
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wangpanyong110
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毕业于河南大学地理专业,学士学位;从教23年,读过地理专著和教育学专著,现任中学教师。

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What 和that 都可以引导名词性从句。但他们在句子中的语法功能截然不同。
一.在引导名词性从句时,从属连词that一般要注意三个不(three nos):
1.不省略(no ellipsis)
当从属连词that引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时,that不省略。
Eg. 1) That he was able to come made us happy. (That 引导主语从句不可省略)

2)The truth is that I didn’t go there. (that引导表语从句不可省略)

3)The news that our team has won is true. (that引导同位语从句不可省略)

但在非正式文体中that 引导宾语从句时可以省略,除下列两种情况外:
that在宾语从句中不能省略的情况.

(1). 在主+谓+it(形式宾语)+宾补+that, 从句(真正宾语) 的句型中不省略.

Eg: 4) He made it quite clear that he preferred to study English.(that不可以省略)

他很明确地说他宁愿学习英语。

(2). 由连词and连接的两个由that引导 的宾语从句中, 则第二个宾语从句前的that不省略。
Eg: 5) He told me that he would come and that he would come on time.(第一个That可以省略,但第二个that不可以省略。)他告诉我他将来而且他将准时来。

2.不作成分(no component)
that 在名词性从句中不作任何句子成分。
Eg. 6)Sydney kept his promise that he would always do anything he could for Lucie to make sure of her happiness.(that在句中引导同位语从句,但在句中不作任何成分)

7))That you don’t like him is none of my business. (that在句中引导主语从句,但在句中不作任何成分,也不省略)

3. 没词义(no meaning)
that 在名词性从句中没有汉语意思。
Eg. 8)That she is a rich woman is known to us. (that在句中引导主语从句,但在句中没有汉语意义)

她是一个很有钱的女子,这一点我们都知道。

9)The thought that he might fail in the exam worried him. (that在句中引导同位语从句,但在句中没有汉语意义)

他也许会考试失败,这一想法使他很担心。

二.在引导名词性从句时,What一般要注意一个不(one no),一个有(meaning),一个作(component):
1.不省略
what 引导名词性从句时,what 在句中不省略。这一用法与that 用法不尽相同。
eg. 10) What I had for breakfast today was rice with egg.(what 在句中引导主语从句,what 不省略)

11)----I think it’s going to be a big problem.

----Yes , it could be .

----I wonder what we can do about. (what在句中引导宾语从句,但在句中不省略)

2.有词义
what 引导名词性从句时,有词义。一般是“----的东西/事情/话等”这一用法与that 用法不一样
eg. 1) This is what she wanted to show us. (what在句中引导表语从句,在句中有词义,意思是“----的东西、事情)这是她想让我们看的东西。

12)What the teacher said had a good effect on the children. (what在句中引导主语从句,在句中有词义,意思是“----的东西、事情)老师所说的话对孩子们有很好的作用。

3.作成分
what 在引导名词性从句时,在从句中充当成分。这一用法与that 用法不一样。
Eg. 13)It doesn’t matter what he said.( it 是形式主语,what 在句中引导主语从句。What 在主语从句中作said 的宾语。)
14)It was true ______Alice did surprised her mother.
A. that what B. what that C. that that D. all what
评析:这一题正确答案是A。it在句中是形式主语,that引导的是主语从句that Alice did surprised her mother.,在这个主语从句当中,what 又引导了主语从句what Alice did,what在从句中作did 的宾语。
三.要特别提醒同学们的两点:
1. What所引导的从句可以在介词后作宾语,而that从句一般不可以。
Eg: 15)After months of voyage ,Columbus arrived in _____later proved to be a new continent.
A. where B. which C. what D. that
评析:答案是C。因为在介词in 后面,应该用what引导的宾语从句,what在宾语从句中作主语。而that不可以这样用。
16) On stepping into his room, he was astonished to find the floor covered with _____looked like tiny insects.
A. that B. something C. what D. anything
评析:答案是C。因为在介词with 后面,应该用what引导的宾语从句,what在宾语从句中作主语。而that不可以这样用。
2.that可以引导定语从句,而且是定语从句引导词中的顶梁柱,它在定语从句中要充当成分,通常作定语从句中的主语、宾语。同时that也可以引导名词性从句,在名词性从句中that 不充当成分。 但What不可以引导定语从句。它只可以引导名词性从句,在句中相当于 what =all that ,what 在名词性从句中充当成分,常常作主语、宾语和表语。
Eg: 17).All _____I want to know is what he meant .

A. that B. which C. what D. whatever
评析:答案是A.本题是that引导的定语从句。而what不可以引导定语从句。What=all that .又因为先行词是all ,故其后不可以接which 引导的定语从句。而. Whatever=anything that /no matter what 从意义和语法都不符合。所以只能选A,that.
18) ______impressed me most was ______such a little boy could play the violin so well.
A. That ; what B. What ; that C. That ; that D. What ; what
评析:答案是B.第一空是what 引导的主语从句,并在主语从句中作主语。第二空是that 引导的表语从句,that在表语从句中不省略,不作成分,也没词义。
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首先记住一点,你在复习名词性从句时候,一定要和定语从句一起复习,同时比较它们的关系代词和关系副词,因为名词性从句和定语从句的关系代词和关系副词有很多相似点和不同点。

在名词性从句中,what是关系代词,which也是关系代词,但请注意,which在名词性从句中,它有一个意思,表示“哪一个”,比如,I don't know which book I should buy.正是因为这个原因,which在名词性从句里几乎很少被选到(你确定这道题是名词性从句了,甚至可以直接把which选项看做干扰选项排除),而which在定语从句中却很容易被选到,就是因为它在定语从句中只是表示一个名词性成分,而没有“哪一个”的意思。

所以,在做你这两题时候,可以采取这样的思路,第一题,从句缺少一个seem的主语,所以用关系代词what,(that不能用,因为that这个连接词引导的名词性从句必须是完整的,不缺少名词性成分的)

第二题, 也是同样道理,is前缺少主语,所以用名词性成分what(因为这里没有“哪一个”的意思,同时也不是定语从句,所以不可能选which),这类结构就像“what is worse”等结构一样,往往放在句子中间。

不懂再问我吧。
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what与which在名词性从句中都可以指代物,共同担任的成分有:主语、宾语、表语和宾语补足语.由于以上的共同点,因此题目中经常会用这两个选项进行PK.
区别:what无范围,which有范围.
这点区别只要确定了什么情况算是有范围就可以区分开.那么有范围的情况:
题目中明确列出几个事物的名称;Do you know which drink she likes,tea,coffee,or milk?这类题目高中的名词性从句是不出的.因为比较简单.
题目中虽然没有列出名称,但是写出了数目;As there are five courses,you are free to choose which you would like to attend.
题目中没有列出名称,也没有数目,但是题目中提到的事物,说话人与听话人都心知肚明其有固定选择的范围.如关注一场体育赛事,谈到半决赛或决赛的时候,入围的数目是确定的,因此范围也固定.It
is unknown which team will win in the final.
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一.在引导名词性从句时,从属连词that一般要注意三个不(three nos):
1.不省略(no ellipsis)
当从属连词that引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时,that不省略。
Eg. 1) That he was able to come made us happy. (That 引导主语从句不可省略)

2)The truth is that I didn’t go there. (that引导表语从句不可省略)

3)The news that our team has won is true. (that引导同位语从句不可省略)

但在非正式文体中that 引导宾语从句时可以省略,除下列两种情况外:
that在宾语从句中不能省略的情况.

(1). 在主+谓+it(形式宾语)+宾补+that, 从句(真正宾语) 的句型中不省略.

Eg: 4) He made it quite clear that he preferred to study English.(that不可以省略)

他很明确地说他宁愿学习英语。

(2). 由连词and连接的两个由that引导 的宾语从句中, 则第二个宾语从句前的that不省略。
Eg: 5) He told me that he would come and that he would come on time.(第一个That可以省略,但第二个that不可以省略。)他告诉我他将来而且他将准时来。

2.不作成分(no component)
that 在名词性从句中不作任何句子成分。
Eg. 6)Sydney kept his promise that he would always do anything he could for Lucie to make sure of her happiness.(that在句中引导同位语从句,但在句中不作任何成分)

7))That you don’t like him is none of my business. (that在句中引导主语从句,但在句中不作任何成分,也不省略)

3. 没词义(no meaning)
that 在名词性从句中没有汉语意思。
Eg. 8)That she is a rich woman is known to us. (that在句中引导主语从句,但在句中没有汉语意义)

她是一个很有钱的女子,这一点我们都知道。

9)The thought that he might fail in the exam worried him. (that在句中引导同位语从句,但在句中没有汉语意义)

他也许会考试失败,这一想法使他很担心。

二.在引导名词性从句时,What一般要注意一个不(one no),一个有(meaning),一个作(component):
1.不省略
what 引导名词性从句时,what 在句中不省略。这一用法与that 用法不尽相同。
eg. 10) What I had for breakfast today was rice with egg.(what 在句中引导主语从句,what 不省略)

11)----I think it’s going to be a big problem.

----Yes , it could be .

----I wonder what we can do about. (what在句中引导宾语从句,但在句中不省略)

2.有词义
what 引导名词性从句时,有词义。一般是“----的东西/事情/话等”这一用法与that 用法不一样
eg. 1) This is what she wanted to show us. (what在句中引导表语从句,在句中有词义,意思是“----的东西、事情)这是她想让我们看的东西。

12)What the teacher said had a good effect on the children. (what在句中引导主语从句,在句中有词义,意思是“----的东西、事情)老师所说的话对孩子们有很好的作用。

3.作成分
what 在引导名词性从句时,在从句中充当成分。这一用法与that 用法不一样。
Eg. 13)It doesn’t matter what he said.( it 是形式主语,what 在句中引导主语从句。What 在主语从句中作said 的宾语。)
14)It was true ______Alice did surprised her mother.
A. that what B. what that C. that that D. all what
评析:这一题正确答案是A。it在句中是形式主语,that引导的是主语从句that Alice did surprised her mother.,在这个主语从句当中,what 又引导了主语从句what Alice did,what在从句中作did 的宾语。
三.要特别提醒同学们的两点:
1. What所引导的从句可以在介词后作宾语,而that从句一般不可以。
Eg: 15)After months of voyage ,Columbus arrived in _____later proved to be a new continent.
A. where B. which C. what D. that
评析:答案是C。因为在介词in 后面,应该用what引导的宾语从句,what在宾语从句中作主语。而that不可以这样用。
16) On stepping into his room, he was astonished to find the floor covered with _____looked like tiny insects.
A. that B. something C. what D. anything
评析:答案是C。因为在介词with 后面,应该用what引导的宾语从句,what在宾语从句中作主语。而that不可以这样用。
2.that可以引导定语从句,而且是定语从句引导词中的顶梁柱,它在定语从句中要充当成分,通常作定语从句中的主语、宾语。同时that也可以引导名词性从句,在名词性从句中that 不充当成分。 但What不可以引导定语从句。它只可以引导名词性从句,在句中相当于 what =all that ,what 在名词性从句中充当成分,常常作主语、宾语和表语。
Eg: 17).All _____I want to know is what he meant .

A. that B. which C. what D. whatever
评析:答案是A.本题是that引导的定语从句。而what不可以引导定语从句。What=all that .又因为先行词是all ,故其后不可以接which 引导的定语从句。而. Whatever=anything that /no matter what 从意义和语法都不符合。所以只能选A,that.
18) ______impressed me most was ______such a little boy could play the violin so well.
A. That ; what B. What ; that C. That ; that D. What ; what
评析:答案是B.第一空是what 引导的主语从句,并在主语从句中作主语。第二空是that 引导的表语从句,that在表语从句中不省略,不作成分,也没词义。
要真正掌握What 和that 在名词性从句中的用法,还得多多操练,熟能生巧(Practice makes perferct
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what与which引导名词性从句时都在从句中充当句子的某一成份,区别是:what泛指,常译为“什么”或“所……的事物; which特定,一般情况下在从句中充当定语,后接名词,在一定的语境中,它所修饰的名词可以省略
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