Question

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GENERAL APPLICATION OF MONITORING STRESS IN EMBANKMENT DAMS
Total pressure cells are sometimes located where the designer is concerned with soil pressures against a particular structure or conduit. The instruments are essentially flat plates, limited to 1:10 or less in thickness to width ratio. The reason for this is that placement of the cells in fill alters the stress field, and the effect is minimized if the cell is very thin compared to its width. Also, since the cells measure total pressure, they can be used in combination with a piezometer to interpret effective stress. Total pressure cells need to be installed with care to get reasonable measurements. Installation of a total pressure cell is depicted in Fig. 11.14.

FIG. 11.14 Installation of Total Pressure Cell (Courtesy of Bureau of
Reclamation)
The cells are typically buried in fine, dampened bedding sand that prevents pressure from stones or coarser material on the cell. The bedding sand is compacted as closely as possible to the density of the surrounding fill or native soil material, an additional measure to minimize the alteration of the stress field. Installation considerations are discussed in Chapter 3 of this publication, as well as by (Dunnicliff, 1988), and (Bureau of Reclamation, 1987).
A self-boring pressuremeter is a more exotic device, with limited availability. Equipment and trained operators are available at a few universities with advanced geotechnical research programs, or through a few highly specialized practitioners. While these devices have been used primarily for university level research, their ability to accurately measure in situ stress is proven. The device provides the ability to measure insitu stress after construction, and without disturbing the insitu stress field, which is a limitation of the total stress cells. The instrument essentially tunnels itself into the soil without significant disturbance or stress relief, allowing an accurate stress measurement. The device measures total stress, however,

effective stress estimates can be made if testing includes accurate determination of insitu pore pressure. The device is ideally suited to use in sand and clay without stone content, and as such, is limited to stress measurement in finer filters or core material.
APPLICATION OF MONITORING STRESS TO SPECIAL CASES OF EMBANKMENT DAMS
DAMS WITH SENSITIVE CONDUITS OR OTHER INTERNAL STRUCTURES
In situations where the stress imposed by the embankment overburden on buried conduits and structures or retaining structures is of concern, a total pressure cell can be recessed into the face of the structure to measure the pressure. The coreblock in Oroville Dam, a 770-foot high embankment in northern California was an example of where stress cells were used to monitor the stress imposed on an internal structure due to embankment placement.

Answer 1

一般应用在土石坝应力监测
总压细胞有时位于设计者所涉及的土压力与结构或管道。这个工具基本上是平板,限于1:10或更少的宽度比厚度。其原因是,放置于细胞在填补改变应力场、和影响最小的细胞是很薄的相比,它的宽度。而且,因为这些细胞测量总压,它们可以被使用在结合了测来解释有效应力。总压细胞需要安装与照顾到合理的测量方法。安装一个总压细胞是在图冠军。

图冠军安装总压细胞(由卫生署
填海)。
这些细胞通常埋葬在细,防止压床沙意味从石头或粗资料的细胞。沙床紧尽可能的密度与周围充满或本土资料,额外的措施来减少的应力场。安装在第三章讨论考量,本出版物、以及(Dunnicliff,1988),以及(局),1987)填。
一个self-boring压力表是一种更充满异国情调的装置,以有限的可用性。设备和培训操作员可在几所大学的研究计画,以先进的岩土工程或者通过一些高度专业化的实践者。虽然这些器件主要用于大学的研究,他们能够精确测量原位应力是行之有效的。这个装置提供了测量insitu应力施工后,无扰动的insitu应力场,限制了总应力的细胞。这个工具基本上隧道本身到土壤里没有重要的干扰或减压,允许一个精确的应力测量。这个装置,但总应力措施,

估计的有效应力测试包括准确测定若insitu孔隙水压力。设备适用于使用在砂土和粘性土无石含量,仅限于应力测量铁芯材质过滤或更好。
监控程序的特殊情况强调土石坝
大坝和敏感的管道或其他的内部结构
在这种情况下,所产生的压力对埋地管道及地表土路基结构或围护结构的关系,是一个总压细胞可以在脸上的结构来衡量的压力。这个coreblock北部奥罗维尔,770-foot坝高路堤加利福尼亚北部的一个例子是在应力细胞用于监控应力施加一个内部结构由于路堤落点。