Question

linux下c的两个进程如何实现通信？一个进程给另一个进程发送消息，另一个接受并显示出来。求大神啊

如果这两两个线程是在两个project里边，又应该怎么做？我会创建进程，但是进程中如何发送和接受message呢？

Answer 1

linux中的进程通信分为三个部分：低级通信，管道通信和进程间通信IPC（inter process communication）。linux的低级通信主要用来传递进程的控制信号——文件锁和软中断信号机制。linux的进程间通信IPC有三个部分——①信号量，②共享内存和③消息队列。以下是我编写的linux进程通信的C语言实现代码。操作系统为redhat9.0，编辑器为vi，编译器采用gcc。下面所有实现代码均已经通过测试，运行无误。

一.低级通信--信号通信

signal.c

#include <signal.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>

/*捕捉到信号sig之后，执行预先预定的动作函数*/
void sig_alarm(int sig)
{
printf("---the signal received is %d. /n", sig);
signal(SIGINT, SIG_DFL); //SIGINT终端中断信号，SIG_DFL：恢复默认行为，SIN_IGN：忽略信号
}

int main()
{
signal(SIGINT, sig_alarm);//捕捉终端中断信号
while(1)
{
printf("waiting here!/n");
sleep(1);
}
return 0;
}

二.管道通信

pipe.c

#include <stdio.h>
#define BUFFER_SIZE 30

int main()
{
int x;
int fd[2];
char buf[BUFFER_SIZE];
char s[BUFFER_SIZE];
pipe(fd);//创建管道
while((x=fork())==-1);//创建管道失败时，进入循环

/*进入子进程，子进程向管道中写入一个字符串*/
if(x==0)
{
sprintf(buf,"This is an example of pipe!/n");
write(fd[1],buf,BUFFER_SIZE);
exit(0);
}

/*进入父进程，父进程从管道的另一端读出刚才写入的字符串*/
else
{
wait(0);//等待子进程结束
read(fd[0],s,BUFFER_SIZE);//读出字符串，并将其储存在char s[]中
printf("%s",s);//打印字符串
}
return 0;
}

三.进程间通信——IPC

①信号量通信

sem.c

#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/sem.h>

/*联合体变量*/
union semun
{
int val; //信号量初始值
struct semid_ds *buf;
unsigned short int *array;
struct seminfo *__buf;
};

/*函数声明，信号量定义*/
static int set_semvalue(void); //设置信号量
static void del_semvalue(void);//删除信号量
static int semaphore_p(void); //执行P操作
static int semaphore_v(void); //执行V操作
static int sem_id; //信号量标识符

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int i;
int pause_time;
char op_char = 'O';
srand((unsigned int)getpid());
sem_id = semget((key_t)1234, 1, 0666 | IPC_CREAT);//创建一个信号量,IPC_CREAT表示创建一个新的信号量

/*如果有参数，设置信号量，修改字符*/
if (argc > 1)
{
if (!set_semvalue())
{
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to initialize semaphore/n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
op_char = 'X';
sleep(5);
}
for(i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{

/*执行P操作*/
if (!semaphore_p())
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
printf("%c", op_char);
fflush(stdout);
pause_time = rand() % 3;
sleep(pause_time);
printf("%c", op_char);
fflush(stdout);

/*执行V操作*/
if (!semaphore_v())
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
pause_time = rand() % 2;
sleep(pause_time);
}
printf("/n%d - finished/n", getpid());
if (argc > 1)
{
sleep(10);
del_semvalue(); //删除信号量
}
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

/*设置信号量*/
static int set_semvalue(void)
{
union semun sem_union;
sem_union.val = 1;
if (semctl(sem_id, 0, SETVAL, sem_union) == -1)
return(0);

return(1);
}

/*删除信号量*/
static void del_semvalue(void)
{
union semun sem_union;
if (semctl(sem_id, 0, IPC_RMID, sem_union) == -1)
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to delete semaphore/n");
}

/*执行P操作*/
static int semaphore_p(void)
{
struct sembuf sem_b;
sem_b.sem_num = 0;
sem_b.sem_op = -1; /* P() */
sem_b.sem_flg = SEM_UNDO;
if (semop(sem_id, &sem_b, 1) == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "semaphore_p failed/n");
return(0);
}
return(1);
}

/*执行V操作*/
static int semaphore_v(void)
{
struct sembuf sem_b;
sem_b.sem_num = 0;
sem_b.sem_op = 1; /* V() */
sem_b.sem_flg = SEM_UNDO;
if (semop(sem_id, &sem_b, 1) == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "semaphore_v failed/n");
return(0);
}
return(1);
}

②消息队列通信

send.c

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/msg.h>
#define MAX_TEXT 512

/*用于消息收发的结构体--my_msg_type：消息类型，some_text：消息正文*/
struct my_msg_st
{
long int my_msg_type;
char some_text[MAX_TEXT];
};

int main()
{
int running = 1;//程序运行标识符
struct my_msg_st some_data;
int msgid;//消息队列标识符
char buffer[BUFSIZ];

/*创建与接受者相同的消息队列*/
msgid = msgget((key_t)1234, 0666 | IPC_CREAT);
if (msgid == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "msgget failed with error: %d/n", errno);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

/*向消息队列中发送消息*/
while(running)
{
printf("Enter some text: ");
fgets(buffer, BUFSIZ, stdin);
some_data.my_msg_type = 1;
strcpy(some_data.some_text, buffer);
if (msgsnd(msgid, (void *)&some_data, MAX_TEXT, 0) == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "msgsnd failed/n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (strncmp(buffer, "end", 3) == 0)
{
running = 0;
}
}
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

receive.c

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/msg.h>

/*用于消息收发的结构体--my_msg_type：消息类型，some_text：消息正文*/
struct my_msg_st
{
long int my_msg_type;
char some_text[BUFSIZ];
};

int main()
{
int running = 1;//程序运行标识符
int msgid; //消息队列标识符
struct my_msg_st some_data;
long int msg_to_receive = 0;//接收消息的类型--0表示msgid队列上的第一个消息

/*创建消息队列*/
msgid = msgget((key_t)1234, 0666 | IPC_CREAT);
if (msgid == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "msgget failed with error: %d/n", errno);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

/*接收消息*/
while(running)
{
if (msgrcv(msgid, (void *)&some_data, BUFSIZ,msg_to_receive, 0) == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "msgrcv failed with error: %d/n", errno);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
printf("You wrote: %s", some_data.some_text);
if (strncmp(some_data.some_text, "end", 3) == 0)
{
running = 0;
}
}

/*删除消息队列*/
if (msgctl(msgid, IPC_RMID, 0) == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "msgctl(IPC_RMID) failed/n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

③共享内存通信

share.h

#define TEXT_SZ 2048 //申请共享内存大小
struct shared_use_st
{
int written_by_you; //written_by_you为1时表示有数据写入，为0时表示数据已经被消费者提走
char some_text[TEXT_SZ];
};

producer.c

#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>
#include "share.h"

int main()
{
int running = 1; //程序运行标志位
void *shared_memory = (void *)0;
struct shared_use_st *shared_stuff;
char buffer[BUFSIZ];
int shmid; //共享内存标识符

/*创建共享内存*/
shmid = shmget((key_t)1234, sizeof(struct shared_use_st), 0666 | IPC_CREAT);
if (shmid == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "shmget failed/n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

/*将共享内存连接到一个进程的地址空间中*/
shared_memory = shmat(shmid, (void *)0, 0);//指向共享内存第一个字节的指针
if (shared_memory == (void *)-1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "shmat failed/n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
printf("Memory attached at %X/n", (int)shared_memory);
shared_stuff = (struct shared_use_st *)shared_memory;

/*生产者写入数据*/
while(running)
{
while(shared_stuff->written_by_you == 1)
{
sleep(1);
printf("waiting for client.../n");
}
printf("Enter some text: ");
fgets(buffer, BUFSIZ, stdin);
strncpy(shared_stuff->some_text, buffer, TEXT_SZ);
shared_stuff->written_by_you = 1;
if (strncmp(buffer, "end", 3) == 0)
{
running = 0;
}
}

/*该函数用来将共享内存从当前进程中分离,仅使得当前进程不再能使用该共享内存*/
if (shmdt(shared_memory) == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "shmdt failed/n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
printf("producer exit./n");
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

customer.c

#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>
#include "share.h"

int main()
{
int running = 1;//程序运行标志位
void *shared_memory = (void *)0;
struct shared_use_st *shared_stuff;
int shmid; //共享内存标识符
srand((unsigned int)getpid());

/*创建共享内存*/
shmid = shmget((key_t)1234, sizeof(struct shared_use_st), 0666 | IPC_CREAT);
if (shmid == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "shmget failed/n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

/*将共享内存连接到一个进程的地址空间中*/
shared_memory = shmat(shmid, (void *)0, 0);//指向共享内存第一个字节的指针
if (shared_memory == (void *)-1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "shmat failed/n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
printf("Memory attached at %X/n", (int)shared_memory);
shared_stuff = (struct shared_use_st *)shared_memory;
shared_stuff->written_by_you = 0;

/*消费者读取数据*/
while(running)
{
if (shared_stuff->written_by_you)
{
printf("You wrote: %s", shared_stuff->some_text);
sleep( rand() % 4 );
shared_stuff->written_by_you = 0;
if (strncmp(shared_stuff->some_text, "end", 3) == 0)
{
running = 0;
}
}
}

/*该函数用来将共享内存从当前进程中分离,仅使得当前进程不再能使用该共享内存*/
if (shmdt(shared_memory) == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "shmdt failed/n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

/*将共享内存删除,所有进程均不能再访问该共享内存*/
if (shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, 0) == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "shmctl(IPC_RMID) failed/n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

摘自：http://blog.csdn.net/piaojun_pj/article/details/5943736