关于英语复数形式
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英语的复数形式有两种:规则变化和不规则变化
一、规则变化有如下两种情况:
1、直接在词尾加s ;
2、在词尾加es ,具体包括:
(1)ch,sh,s,x结尾的单词;
(2)以“辅音字母+o”结尾的单词;
(3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的将y变成i后再加es ;
(4)词以f,fe结尾的先将f,fe变成v后再加es ;
二、不规则变化有如下两种情况:
1、单复数同形的,如deer ,sheep ,Chinese ,means等等;
2、特殊变化,如man-men ,child-children ,foot-feet ,ox-oxen ,mouse-mice 等等
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名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es.现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:
规则\x09例词
1\x09一般情况在词尾加-s\x09map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days
2\x09以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es\x09class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes
3\x09以-f或-fe结尾的词\x09变-f和-fe为v再加-es\x09leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives
\x09\x09加-s\x09belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs
4\x09以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es\x09party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities
5\x09以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-s\x09toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys
6\x09以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词\x09一般加-es\x09hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes
\x09\x09不少外来词加-s\x09piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos
\x09\x09两者皆可\x09zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos
7\x09以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s\x09radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos
8\x09以-th结尾的名词加-s\x09truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,
2. 不规则名词复数:
英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:
规则\x09例词
1\x09改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式\x09man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice
2\x09单复数相同\x09sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin,
3\x09只有复数形式\x09ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents
4\x09一些集体名词总是用作复数\x09people, police, cattle, staff
5\x09部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)\x09audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party
6\x09复数形式表示特别含义\x09customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)
7\x09表示“某国人”\x09加-s\x09Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans
\x09\x09单复数同形\x09Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
\x09\x09以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women\x09Englishmen, Frenchwomen
8\x09合成名词\x09将主体名词变为复数\x09sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends
\x09\x09无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数\x09grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches
\x09\x09将两部分变为复数\x09women singers, men servants
规则\x09例词
1\x09一般情况在词尾加-s\x09map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days
2\x09以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es\x09class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes
3\x09以-f或-fe结尾的词\x09变-f和-fe为v再加-es\x09leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives
\x09\x09加-s\x09belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs
4\x09以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es\x09party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities
5\x09以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-s\x09toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys
6\x09以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词\x09一般加-es\x09hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes
\x09\x09不少外来词加-s\x09piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos
\x09\x09两者皆可\x09zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos
7\x09以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s\x09radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos
8\x09以-th结尾的名词加-s\x09truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,
2. 不规则名词复数:
英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:
规则\x09例词
1\x09改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式\x09man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice
2\x09单复数相同\x09sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin,
3\x09只有复数形式\x09ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents
4\x09一些集体名词总是用作复数\x09people, police, cattle, staff
5\x09部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)\x09audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party
6\x09复数形式表示特别含义\x09customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)
7\x09表示“某国人”\x09加-s\x09Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans
\x09\x09单复数同形\x09Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
\x09\x09以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women\x09Englishmen, Frenchwomen
8\x09合成名词\x09将主体名词变为复数\x09sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends
\x09\x09无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数\x09grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches
\x09\x09将两部分变为复数\x09women singers, men servants
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15 构成法:一个名词如果表示一个或一样东西,它取单数形式,如pen,dog,tree,fact,church,kiss.如果表示两个或更多这类东西,则需用名词的复数形式,如pens,dogs,trees,facts,churches,kisses.构成名词复数,大多数是在单数形式后加-s或-es,有下面6种情况:
a.在单数形式后直接加-s:
girl girls hat hats
neck necks tree trees
pencil pencils kind kings
b.如单数名词以s,x,sh,ch或z结尾,需在后面加-es:
kiss kisses church churches
fox foxes match matches
tax taxes watch watches
dish dishes branch branches
brush brushes buzz buzzes
c.以y结尾的词,变y为i,再加-es:
lady ladies army armies
baby babies story stories
soliloquy soliloquies colloquy colloquies
如果y前还有一个元音字母,则直接加-s:
day days key keys
boy boys monkey monkeys
d.以o结尾的词,多数加-s:
demo demos inferno infernos
kilo kilos tempo tempos
cello cellos memo memos
banjo banjos octavo octavos
piano pianos canto cantos
dynamo dynamos tobacco tobaccos
solo solos photo photos
cameo cameos ratio ratios
以“元音字母+o”结尾的词,一概加-s:curios,rodeos,bamboos,tattoos,…
但有少数以o 结尾的词后需加-es:
echo,echoes; embargo,embargoes; jingo,jingoes; torpe- do;torpedoes;veto,vetoes;hero,heroes;negro,ne-groes;potato,potatoes;mosquito,mosquitoes;go,goes;no,noes;motto,mottoes.
其他以o结尾的词,一般既可加-s,也可加-es:
zero,zeros,zeroes;halo,halos,haloes;mango,mangos,mangoes.此外还有:motto;tornado;volcano;cargo;buffalo;commando.
e.以f或fe结尾的词,多数直接加-s:
chief chiefs reef reefs
cliff cliffs cuff cuffs
roof roofs fife fifes
belief beliefs safe safes
gulf gulfs strife strifes
但有几个名词,需变f为v,再加es:
elf elves leaf leaves
calf calves thlef thleves
shelf shelves loaf loaves
half halves life lives
self selves wife wives
wolf wolves knife knives
有个别名词,可加-s或-es:
hoof hoofs,hooves wharf wharfs,wharves
scarf scarfs,scarves dwarf dwarfs,dwarves
beef beefs,beeves staff staffs,staves
16 词尾读音:-s或-es 可读作[s],[iz]或[z]:
a.在清辅音(Voiceless Consonant)后读[s],如:
cups[k)ps],shapes[Meips],hats [h$ts],dates[deits],dochs[d&ks],lakes[leiks],monarchs['m&n+ks],fifes[faifs],roofs[ru:fs],laughs[la:fs],coughs[k&fs],pho-tographs ['f+t+gra:fs].
在th后多数读[s],如: cloths[kl&Is],month[m)nIs],myths[miIs].但在少数情况下也读[z],如:
path[pa:I],paths[pa: J z]
oath[+uI],oaths[+uJz]
mouth[mauI],mouths[mauJz]
wreath[ri:I],wreaths[ri:Jz]
bath[ba:I],baths[ba:Jz]
th 前有长元音或双元音时读作: youths[ju:Jz],truths[truJz],sheaths[Mi:Jz].
b.在s,z,M,tM,DN等音后读[iz]:
kisses['kisiz] foxes['f&ksiz]
dishes['diMiz] churches['tM+:tMiz]
languages['l$Rgwidziz] roses['r+uziz]
c.在其他情况下均读[z],如:
dogs[d&gz],pens[penz],boys[b&iz],girls[g+:lz],names[neimz],cities['sitiz],ways[weiz].
a.在单数形式后直接加-s:
girl girls hat hats
neck necks tree trees
pencil pencils kind kings
b.如单数名词以s,x,sh,ch或z结尾,需在后面加-es:
kiss kisses church churches
fox foxes match matches
tax taxes watch watches
dish dishes branch branches
brush brushes buzz buzzes
c.以y结尾的词,变y为i,再加-es:
lady ladies army armies
baby babies story stories
soliloquy soliloquies colloquy colloquies
如果y前还有一个元音字母,则直接加-s:
day days key keys
boy boys monkey monkeys
d.以o结尾的词,多数加-s:
demo demos inferno infernos
kilo kilos tempo tempos
cello cellos memo memos
banjo banjos octavo octavos
piano pianos canto cantos
dynamo dynamos tobacco tobaccos
solo solos photo photos
cameo cameos ratio ratios
以“元音字母+o”结尾的词,一概加-s:curios,rodeos,bamboos,tattoos,…
但有少数以o 结尾的词后需加-es:
echo,echoes; embargo,embargoes; jingo,jingoes; torpe- do;torpedoes;veto,vetoes;hero,heroes;negro,ne-groes;potato,potatoes;mosquito,mosquitoes;go,goes;no,noes;motto,mottoes.
其他以o结尾的词,一般既可加-s,也可加-es:
zero,zeros,zeroes;halo,halos,haloes;mango,mangos,mangoes.此外还有:motto;tornado;volcano;cargo;buffalo;commando.
e.以f或fe结尾的词,多数直接加-s:
chief chiefs reef reefs
cliff cliffs cuff cuffs
roof roofs fife fifes
belief beliefs safe safes
gulf gulfs strife strifes
但有几个名词,需变f为v,再加es:
elf elves leaf leaves
calf calves thlef thleves
shelf shelves loaf loaves
half halves life lives
self selves wife wives
wolf wolves knife knives
有个别名词,可加-s或-es:
hoof hoofs,hooves wharf wharfs,wharves
scarf scarfs,scarves dwarf dwarfs,dwarves
beef beefs,beeves staff staffs,staves
16 词尾读音:-s或-es 可读作[s],[iz]或[z]:
a.在清辅音(Voiceless Consonant)后读[s],如:
cups[k)ps],shapes[Meips],hats [h$ts],dates[deits],dochs[d&ks],lakes[leiks],monarchs['m&n+ks],fifes[faifs],roofs[ru:fs],laughs[la:fs],coughs[k&fs],pho-tographs ['f+t+gra:fs].
在th后多数读[s],如: cloths[kl&Is],month[m)nIs],myths[miIs].但在少数情况下也读[z],如:
path[pa:I],paths[pa: J z]
oath[+uI],oaths[+uJz]
mouth[mauI],mouths[mauJz]
wreath[ri:I],wreaths[ri:Jz]
bath[ba:I],baths[ba:Jz]
th 前有长元音或双元音时读作: youths[ju:Jz],truths[truJz],sheaths[Mi:Jz].
b.在s,z,M,tM,DN等音后读[iz]:
kisses['kisiz] foxes['f&ksiz]
dishes['diMiz] churches['tM+:tMiz]
languages['l$Rgwidziz] roses['r+uziz]
c.在其他情况下均读[z],如:
dogs[d&gz],pens[penz],boys[b&iz],girls[g+:lz],names[neimz],cities['sitiz],ways[weiz].
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1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下:
①在单数名词词尾加s。如:map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables.
②s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如:class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.
[注]:少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如:photo→photos, piano→pianos.
③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如:family→families, city→cities, party→parties.
④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如:shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.
2、不规则变化:man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如:a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
①在单数名词词尾加s。如:map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables.
②s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如:class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.
[注]:少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如:photo→photos, piano→pianos.
③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如:family→families, city→cities, party→parties.
④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如:shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.
2、不规则变化:man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如:a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
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复数只名词的复数形式.汉语不区分,而英语是要区分的,主要区别在于可数名词中.如汉语中一本书和一些书,都是书这个名词.而英语则不然.一本书是a book,一些书是some books 此时books 就是book的复数形式.
不可数名词,顾名思义,是不可数的.单数形式和复数形式相同.如一杯水和十杯水,a cup of water 和 ten cups of water,此例中,水不可数,需要用容器杯子来衡量多少,而杯子可数,故cups 是cup 的复数形式,而water无论单数复数皆为water.
不可数名词,顾名思义,是不可数的.单数形式和复数形式相同.如一杯水和十杯水,a cup of water 和 ten cups of water,此例中,水不可数,需要用容器杯子来衡量多少,而杯子可数,故cups 是cup 的复数形式,而water无论单数复数皆为water.
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