Question

如何避免愚蠢的见识——罗素(双语版本)

Answer 1

怀有各种各样愚蠢的见识乃是人类的通病。要想避免这种通病，并不需要超人的天才。下面提供的几项简单原则，虽然不能保证你不犯任何错误，却可以保证你避免一些可笑的错误。
如果一个问题但凭观察就可以解决的话，就请您亲自观察一番。亚里士多德误以为妇女牙齿的数目比男人少。这种错误，他本来是可以避免的，而且办法很 简单。他只消请他的夫人把嘴张开亲自数一数就行了。但他却没有这样做，原因是他自以为是。自以为知道而实际上自己并不知道；这是我们人人都容易犯的一种致 命错误。我自己就以为刺猬好吃油虫，理由无非是我听人这么讲过；但是如果我真的要动手动脚写一部介绍刺猬习性的著作，我就不应该妄下断语，除非我亲自看见 一只刺猬享用这种并不可口的美餐。然而亚里士多德却不够谨慎。古代和中古时代的著作家谈起麒麟和火蛇来头头是道；但是他们当中的谁也没有觉得，既然如此自 己从未见过任何麒麟和火蛇，那就必须避免武断。
许多事情不那么容易用经验加以检验。如果你像大多数人一样在许多这类事情上有颇为激烈的主张，也有一些办法可以帮你认识自己的偏见。如果你一听到 一种与你相左的意见就发怒，这就表明，你已经下意识地感觉到你那种看法没有充分理由。如果某个人硬要说2加2等于5，或者说冰岛位于赤道，你就只会感到怜 悯而不是愤怒，除非你自己对数学和地理也是这样无知，因而他的看法竟然动摇了你的相反的见解。最激烈的争论是关于双方都提不出充分证据的那些问题的争论。 迫害见于神学领域而不见于数学领域，因为数学问题是知识问题，而神学问题则仅是见解问题。所以，不论什么时候，只要发现自己对不同的意见发起火来，你就要 小心，因为一经检查，你大概就会发现，你的信念并没有充分证据。
摆脱某些武断看法的一种好办法就是设法了解一下与你所在的社会圈子不同的人们所持有的种种看法。我觉得这对削弱狭隘偏见的强烈程度很有好处。如果 你无法外出旅行，也要设法和一些持不同见解的人们有些交往，或者阅读一种和你政见不同的报纸。如果这些人和这种报纸在你看来是疯狂的、乖张的、甚至是可恶 的，那么你不应该忘记在人家看来你也是这样。双方的这种看法可能都是对的，但不可能都是错的。这样想一下，应该能够慎重一些。
有些人富于心理想象力。对于这些人来说，一个好办法便是设想一下自己在与一位怀有不同偏见的人进行辩论。这同实地跟论敌进行辩论比起来有一个（也 只有一个）有利条件，那就是这种方法不受时间和空间的限制。圣雄甘地就对铁路、轮船和机器深表遗憾，在他看来整个产业革命都要不得。也许你永远没有机会真 的遇见一位抱有这种见解的人，因为在西方国家里大多数人都把现代技术的种种好处视为当然。但是如果你确实想同意这种流行的看法乃是正确的，那么一个好办法 就是设想一下甘地为了反驳现代技术的种种好处而可能提出的论据，从而检验一下你自己想到的论据。我自己有时就因为进行这种想象性的对话而真的改变了原来的 看法；即令没有改变原来的看法，也常常因为认识到假想的论敌有可能蛮有道理而变得不那么自以为是。
对于那些容易助长你狂妄自大的意见尤宜提防，不论男女都坚信男性或女性特别优越。双方都有不可胜数的证据。如果你自己是男性，你可以指出大多数诗 人和科学家都是男子；而如果你是女性，你可以用大多数罪犯也都是男子来反唇机讥。这个问题本来就根本无法解决，但是，自尊心却使大多数人都看不到这一点， 不管我们属于世界上哪个国家，我们大家总是认为我们自己的民族比所有其他民族都优越。既然每个民族都有自己特有的长处和短处，我们就把自己的价值标准加以 调整，以便证明自己民族的长处乃是真正重要的长处，而其缺点相对来说则微不足道。在这个问题上，一位明白事理的人也一定会承认，它没有明显正确的答案。由 于我们无法和人类之外的智者辩论清楚，所以要处理这个人之作为人的自高自大的问题就更加困难了。就我所知，处理这个普遍存在的人类自高自大问题的唯一方法 就是，要经常提醒自己，在茫茫宇宙中一个小小角落的一颗小小星球的生命史上，人类仅仅是一个短短的插曲，而且说不定宇宙中其他地方还有一些生物，他们优越 于我们的程度不亚于我们优越于水母的程度。
How to avoid foolish wise - Russell text
With various foolish wise but human disease. To avoid this kind of disease, need not superman's genius. Here's a few simple principle, although cannot ensure you, but you can not make any mistakes that you avoid some funny mistakes.
If a problem can be solved by observation but, please look at the time. Aristotle, the number of teeth mistakenly women less than men. This kind of mistake, he could have been avoided, and the way is very simple. He takes his wife to personally count. But he did not do so, because he is right. Since that you know when in fact he does not know, This is our everybody to make a fatal error. I think, reason hedgehog delicious oil is nothing but I hear people say: But if I really wanted to write a lift, introduced the hedgehog habits, I shouldn't jump secondmaster, unless I see a hedgehog enjoy the meal is delicious. However Aristotle is not careful. The works of ancient and medieval home about kirin and paved the way for its venomous snakes, But none of them, so that she had never seen any kirin and fiery serpent, it must avoid arbitrary.
Many things are not so easy to use experience. If you're like most people in many of these things are very intense, also have some way to help you know the oneself. If you hear an opinion contrary to your opinion is angry, it shows that you have subconsciously your opinion that without good reasons. If someone extortionary say two plus two, or the equator Iceland, you will only feel pity rather than anger, unless your math and geography is so ignorant, and his opinions contrary you actually shaken. The most intense debate about both have sufficient evidence of those problems. Persecution in theology not in mathematics, because the math problem is knowledge problems, and it is only theological views. So whenever found themselves in different opinions by fire, you must carefully, because once check, you will probably find that your beliefs and without sufficient evidence.
Get rid of some arbitrary view of a kind of good way is to acquaint with of your social circle, people hold different opinions of all. I think this to weaken the strong narrow bias degree is very good. If you cannot travel, also want to hold different views and some of the people, some reading or a political and different newspapers. If these men and the newspapers in your opinion is crazy, peevish, even is abhorrent, then you should not be forgotten in the family you likewise. Both sides of this view may be right, but may not be all wrong. So, should be able to think about.
Some people abound mental imagination. For these people, a good solution is to imagine yourself in the harbor with a different prejudices of debate. This LunDi debate with field compared with a (only one) is the favorable conditions and the method of the limit of time and space. Mahatma Gandhi on railway, ships and machine regret, in his opinion the industrial revolution is bad. You may never have the chance to meet a really views, because most people in western countries are the benefits of modern technology. But if you want to get really do you agree with this kind of popular opinion is correct, then a good way is to imagine modern technology to refute Gandhi benefits and the arguments, which can check your own thought of arguments. I sometimes because such imaginary dialogue and really change the original opinion, But even without changing the original opinion, often because realize the imaginary LunDi may have quite reasonable and become less.
For those who have enough psychological imagination, it is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different bias. This has one advantage, and only one, as compared with actual conversation with opponents; this one advantage is that the method is not subject to the same limitations of time or space. Mahatma Gandhi deplores railways and steamboats and machinery; he would like to undo the whole of the industrial revolution. You may never have an opportunity of actually meeting any one who holds this opinion, because in Western countries most people take the advantage of modern technique for granted. But if you want to make sure that you are right in agreeing with the prevailing opinion, you will find it a good plan to test the arguments that occur to you by considering what Gandhi might say in refutation of them. I have sometimes been led actually to change my mind as a result of this kind of imaginary dialogue, and, short of this, I have frequently found myself growing less dogmatic and cocksure through realizing the possible reasonableness of a hypothetical opponent.
Other passions besides self-esteem are common sources of error; of these perhaps the most important is fear. Fear sometimes operates directly, by inventing rumors of disaster in war-time, or by imagining objects of terror, such as ghosts; sometimes it operates indirectly, by creating belief in something comforting, such as the elixir of life, or heaven for ourselves and hell for our enemies. Fear has many forms - fear of death, fear of the dark, fear of the unknown, fear of the herd, and that vague generalized fear that comes to those who conceal from themselves their more specific terrors. Until you have admitted your own fears to yourself, and have guarded yourself by a difficult effort of will against their mythmaking power, you cannot hope to think truly about many matters of great importance, especially those with which religious beliefs are concerned. Fear is the main source of superstition and one of the main sources of cruelty. To conquer fear is the beginning of wisdom, in the pursuit of truth as in the endeavor after a worthy manner of life.69．罗素在教育上主张什么？答：主张自由教育，认为教育的基本目的应该培养“活动、勇气、敏感、智慧”四种品质。70．本文的中心思想是什么？答：本文从思想方法的角度探讨了人们如何少犯错误的问题。论述了解决这一问题的重要性和迫切性，探讨了产生愚蠢见识的原因，以及避免愚蠢见识的方法。71．概括本文所提出的造成愚蠢见识的原因和避免愚蠢见识的途径？答：原因——⑴主观臆断—自认为知道实际上并不知道⑵自我中心主义—听到与你相左的意见就发怒⑶狂妄自大—自尊心却使大多数人都看不到这一点 途径——⑴科学的认知态度（根本方法）⑵听取不同意见（根本方法）⑶阐明客观世界的复杂性和不确定性—宇宙无限，人的认识有限（根本途径）72．本文是如何通过例证方法来阐明自己的主要观点的？答：本文主要采取归纳法进行论证。从避免愚蠢见识的三个方法，到最后归纳出结论，属于例证法。在行文中，也是采取了例子说明问题的方法。73．本文的行文风格有什么特点？答：⑴逻辑层次清晰，论述周密严谨。⑵“你”与“我”并用，使文章形成了你我之间的对话的表达风格，产生了亲切、自然、贴切的效果。