英语中什么是定语从句?
所谓定语从句,就是在复合句中起定语作用以修饰主句中的名词或代词的从句。学习定语从句,首先要弄清两个重要概念——先行词和关系词。
根据关系词在定语从句中的作用,我们可以将关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两种。
所谓关系代词就是指起代词作用的关系词,它们在引导定语从句的同时,还在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、宾语等,
英语中比较常用的关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose等。
类似地,关系副词就是指起副词作用的关系词,它们在引导定语从句的同时,还在定语从句中充当状语等,英语中比较常用的关系副词只有三个,即when, where和why。
许多初学定语从句的人弄不清关系词与先行词之间到底是什么关系。其实,关系词的含义在本质上等价于先行词,它与先行词指的就是同一个人或同一个事物。
比如: I find learning English difficult.(difficult是形容词做宾补)
I saw the kite up and down. (up and down是副词做宾补)
Tom made the girl cry. (cry是省略不定式符号to的动词不定式)
常跟复合宾语的动词有: call, name, make, think, find, leave, keep, nominate 任命),choose,elect(选举),define(定义),regard, see, recognize,treat, take,consider, look up, refer to, accept, acknowledge,describe,depict(描述),represent(表现出),declare(宣称),denounce, employ(雇佣), use, show, organize, express.
定语从句就是句子做定语
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、表语等成分。关系代词在定语 从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1)who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是想见你的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换), 例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose cover is green.
=Please pass me the book the cover of which is green.
请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3)which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:
A prosperity which / that has never been seen before appears in the countryside.
农村出现了前所未 有的繁荣。(which / that在从句中作主语)
The package which / that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.
你拿的包快散了。(which / that 在从句中作宾语)
4)but
在句中作主语,在意义上相当于 who not或that not
5)than
一般用在形式为比较级的复合句中,其结构为形容词比较级(more)...than+从句
第二种:关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
1)when, where,why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用.
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.
任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.
北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
2)that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从 句,在非正式文体中that常被省略(正式文体中不可省略),例如:
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.
他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.
他不太可能找到他四十 年前居住过的地方。
判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要 求用关系代词。
例如:
(错) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
(错) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
(对) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
(对) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词.先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时,应选择关系代词;先行词在从句中作状语时,应选择关系副词。
例如:
(对)Is this the museum which you visited a few days ago?
(对)Is this the museum where the exhibition was held?
从句结构
编辑
定语从句公式
定语从句=先行词+关系词+从句
先行词
指被定语从句修饰的名词、代词。
一般先行词出现在定语从句的前面。
2021-01-15 · 百度认证:上海异构网络科技官方账号
定语从句即修饰或限定一个名词或代词的从句。定语从句对词句进行补充、修饰、限定,进而使原句内容更丰富完整,被修饰的词则被称为先行词。定语从句由关系词引导,关系词通常分为关系代词与关系副词两类: