Question

people have built canoes to re-create those early voyages based on that assumption跟宾补还是定语？

people have built canoes to re-create those early voyages based on that assumption.
这里based on that assumption是voyages的宾补还是voyages的定语？

Answer 1

是定语。
宾补是说明宾语的动作或状态，比如
He made me angry. angry 是宾补，省略angry句子意思就不完整，不像你句子中省掉based on that assumption 原句照样成立。

过去分词后置定语可以改写为定语从句，为:
…those early voyages which had been based on that assumption.

Answer 2

是宾补，因为宾语voyages和后面的部分是主谓关系，所以是宾补

Answer 3

based on短语是过去分词短语作定语，voyage和based on之间没有主谓关系，所以不是宾补。

Answer 4

是定语，对voyages的修饰，过去分词做作后置定语。

Answer 5

不是宾补，是过去分词作后置定语