Question

linux下C程序段错误，

gdb调试是Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
0x00007fffffffd3e0 in ?? ()
程序如下：
#include <stdio.h>

typedef unsigned(*FUNC_PTR) (unsigned param);

unsigned example(unsigned param_x)
{
int i;
unsigned sum = 0;

for(i=1;i<=param_x;i++)
{
sum += i;
}

return sum;
}
void main()
{
unsigned param,sum_total;
FUNC_PTR sum_func;

printf("please input the param:\n");
scanf("%u",¶m);

sum_total = sum_func(param);

printf("the sum of %u is %u\n",param,sum_total);
}
scanf("%u",¶m);这边是 scanf("%u",¶m);未显示出来

Answer 1

1. 段错误是什么
一句话来说，段错误是指访问的内存超出了系统给这个程序所设定的内存空间，例如访问了不存在的内存地址、访问了系统保护的内存地址、访问了只读的内存地址等等情况。这里贴一个对于“段错误”的准确定义（参考Answers.com）：

A segmentation fault (often shortened to segfault) is a particular error condition that can occur during the operation of computer software. In short, a segmentation fault occurs when a program attempts to access a memory location that it is not allowed to access, or attempts to access a memory location in a way that is not allowed (e.g., attempts to write to a read-only location, or to overwrite part of the operating system). Systems based on processors like the Motorola 68000 tend to refer to these events as Address or Bus errors.

Segmentation is one approach to memory management and protection in the operating system. It has been superseded by paging for most purposes, but much of the terminology of segmentation is still used, "segmentation fault" being an example. Some operating systems still have segmentation at some logical level although paging is used as the main memory management policy.

On Unix-like operating systems, a process that accesses invalid memory receives the SIGSEGV signal. On Microsoft Windows, a process that accesses invalid memory receives the STATUS_ACCESS_VIOLATION exception.

2. 段错误产生的原因
2.1 访问不存在的内存地址

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
void main()
{
int *ptr = NULL;
*ptr = 0;
}

2.2 访问系统保护的内存地址

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
void main()
{
int *ptr = (int *)0;
*ptr = 100;
}

2.3 访问只读的内存地址

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char *ptr = "test";
strcpy(ptr, "TEST");
}

2.4 栈溢出

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
void main()
{
main();
}

等等其他原因。
3. 段错误信息的获取
程序发生段错误时，提示信息很少，下面有几种查看段错误的发生信息的途径。
3.1 dmesg
dmesg可以在应用程序crash掉时，显示内核中保存的相关信息。如下所示，通过dmesg命令可以查看发生段错误的程序名称、引起段错误发生的内存地址、指令指针地址、堆栈指针地址、错误代码、错误原因等。以程序2.3为例：
panfeng@ubuntu:~/segfault$ dmesg
[ 2329.479037] segfault3[2700]: segfault at 80484e0 ip 00d2906a sp bfbbec3c error 7 in libc-2.10.1.so[cb4000+13e000]
3.2 -g
使用gcc编译程序的源码时，加上-g参数，这样可以使得生成的二进制文件中加入可以用于gdb调试的有用信息。以程序2.3为例：
panfeng@ubuntu:~/segfault$ gcc -g -o segfault3 segfault3.c

3.3 nm
使用nm命令列出二进制文件中的符号表，包括符号地址、符号类型、符号名等，这样可以帮助定位在哪里发生了段错误。以程序2.3为例：

panfeng@ubuntu:~/segfault$ nm segfault3
08049f20 d _DYNAMIC
08049ff4 d _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_
080484dc R _IO_stdin_used
w _Jv_RegisterClasses
08049f10 d __CTOR_END__
08049f0c d __CTOR_LIST__
08049f18 D __DTOR_END__
08049f14 d __DTOR_LIST__
080484ec r __FRAME_END__
08049f1c d __JCR_END__
08049f1c d __JCR_LIST__
0804a014 A __bss_start
0804a00c D __data_start
08048490 t __do_global_ctors_aux
08048360 t __do_global_dtors_aux
0804a010 D __dso_handle
w __gmon_start__
0804848a T __i686.get_pc_thunk.bx
08049f0c d __init_array_end
08049f0c d __init_array_start
08048420 T __libc_csu_fini
08048430 T __libc_csu_init
U __libc_start_main@@GLIBC_2.0
0804a014 A _edata
0804a01c A _end
080484bc T _fini
080484d8 R _fp_hw
080482bc T _init
08048330 T _start
0804a014 b completed.6990
0804a00c W data_start
0804a018 b dtor_idx.6992
080483c0 t frame_dummy
080483e4 T main
U memcpy@@GLIBC_2.0

3.4 ldd
使用ldd命令查看二进制程序的共享链接库依赖，包括库的名称、起始地址，这样可以确定段错误到底是发生在了自己的程序中还是依赖的共享库中。以程序2.3为例：
panfeng@ubuntu:~/segfault$ ldd ./segfault3
linux-gate.so.1 => (0x00e08000)
libc.so.6 => /lib/tls/i686/cmov/libc.so.6 (0x00675000)
/lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x00482000)