Question

试论述IS曲线与LM曲线的移动及其政策意义

Answer 1

IS-LM模型是描述产品市场和货币之间相互联系的理论结构.在产品市场上,国民收入决定于消费、投资、政府支出和净出口加合起来的总支出或者说总需求水平,而总需求尤其是投资需求要受到利率影响,利率则由货币市场供求情况决定,就是说,货币市场要影响产品市场；另一方面,产品市场上所决定的国民收入又会影响货币需求,从而影响利率,这又是产品市场对货币市场的影响,可见,产品市场和货币市场是相互联系的,相互作用的,而收入和利率也只有在这种相互联系,相互作用中才能决定,描述和分析这两个市场相互联系的理论结构,就称为1S--LM。
凯恩斯理论的核心是有效需求原理,认为国民收入决定于有效需求,而有效需求原理的支柱又是边际消费倾向递减、资本边际效率递减以及心理上的流动偏好这三个心理规律的作用．这三个心理规律涉及四个变量；边际消费倾向、资本边际效率,货币需求和货币供给.在这里,凯恩斯通过利率把货币经济和实物经济联系起来,打破了新古典学派把实物经济和货币经济分开的两分法,认为货币不是中性的,货币市场上的均衡利率要影响投资和收入,而产品市场上的均衡收入又会影响货币需求和利率,这就是产品市场和货币市场的相互联系和作用．但凯恩斯本人并没有用一种模型把上述四个变量联系在一起．汉森、希克斯这两位经济学家则用1S--LM模型把这四个变量放在一起,构成一个产品市场和货币市场之间相互作用如何共同决定国民收入与利率的理论框架,从而使凯恩斯的有效需求理论得到丁较为完善的表述．不仅如此,凯恩斯主义的经济政策即财政政策和货币政策的分析,也是圈绕
IS--LM模型而展开的．因此可以说,IS LM模型是凯恩斯主义宏观经济学的核心．

Answer 2

One hypothesis is that a government's deficit spending ("fiscal policy") has an effect similar to that of a lower saving rate or increased private fixed investment, increasing the amount of demand for goods at each individual interest rate. An increased deficit by the national government shifts the IS curve to the right. This raises the equilibrium interest rate (from i1 to i2) and national income (from Y1 to Y2), as shown in the graph above. The equilibrium level of national income in the IS-LM diagram is referred to as aggregate demand.

Thus the graph indicates one of the major criticisms of deficit spending as a way to stimulate the economy: rising interest rates lead to crowding out – i.e., discouragement – of private fixed investment, which in turn may hurt long-term growth of the supply side (potential output). Keynesians respond that deficit spending may actually "crowd in" (encourage) private fixed investment via the accelerator effect, which helps long-term growth. Further, if government deficits are spent on productive public investment (e.g., infrastructure or public health) that directly and eventually raises potential output, although not necessarily as much as the lost private investment might have. The extent of any crowding out depends on the shape of the LM curve. A shift in the IS curve along a relatively flat LM curve can increase output substantially with little change in the interest rate. On the other hand, an upward shift in the IS curve along a vertical LM curve will lead to higher interest rates, but no change in output (this case represents the Treasury View).

Rightward shifts of the IS curve also result from exogenous increases in investment spending (i.e., for reasons other than interest rates or income), in consumer spending, and in export spending by people outside the economy being modelled, as well as by exogenous decreases in spending on imports. Thus these too raise both equilibrium income and the equilibrium interest rate. Of course, changes in these variables in the opposite direction shift the IS curve in the opposite direction.

The IS/LM model also allows for the role of monetary policy. If the money supply is increased, that shifts the LM curve downward, lowering interest rates and raising equilibrium national income. Further, exogenous decreases in liquidity preference, perhaps due to improved transactions technologies, lead to downward shifts of the LM curve and thus increases in income and decreases in interest rates. Changes in these variables in the opposite direction shift the LM curve in the opposite direction