定语从句宾语从句区分
定语从句
定语从句是修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句,被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。
(1)由That引导,(指人或物),先行词是人或物;
(2)由Who引导,(指人),先行词是人;
(3)由Which引导,(指物),先行词是物;
举例说明(1)(2):This is the engineer that/who will give us a talk.
特殊情况:引导词只能用That而不用其他。
<1>被序数词或最高级修饰的先行词后边,只能用That;
e.g:This is the most interesting story that I have ever read.
Xiao Ming is the first forginer that I have know.
<2>先行词是不定代词的必须用That;
注意:定语从句中的谓语动词形式与先行词的人称和数保持一致。(这里所说的数是单数或复数形式要与第几人称一致)
宾语 从 句
宾语从句就是陈述句语序,宾语从句就是由直接引语变为间接引语,或由间接引语变为直接引语。
(1)由That引导(在句子中常被省略)
例:The boy said to this mother “I want to buy a bag.”
这个男孩对他妈妈说,我想买个书包。(直接引语)
The boy told this mother (that) he wanted to a bag.
男孩告诉他的妈妈说,他想买个书包。(间接引语)
直接引语变为间接引语时里的动词会有变化,变化方式:
直接引语————间接引语
一般现在时——一般过去时
现在进行时——过去进行时
现在完成时——过去完成时
一般过去时——过去完成时
过去完成时——过去完成时
一般将来时——过去将来时
二、由If或Whether引导(是不是、是否,If在连接宾语从句时是这个意思;连接条件状语从句时,假如、如果)
例:The teacher asked “do you know his name”.(直接引语)
The teacher asked me if (或Whether)I knew his name.(间接引语)
(注意直接引语变为间接引语动词的时态变化)
特殊情况:只能用Whether,而不能用If。
(1)放在动词不定式前边时:
例:I can’t decide whether to buy this pen or that one.
(2)放在介词后边时:
例:I worry about(介词)whether I can pass the exam.
(3)与“or not”连用时:(一般情况这俩词都是句尾)
例:I don’t whether I can help you or not.
三、由疑问词引导的直接引语(原句是特殊疑问句)
例:The teacher asked Liu Xiang “What time is it?”(直接引语)
The teacher asked Liu Xiang what time it was.(间接引语)
注意:(时态搭配关系:主句是一般现在时态,从句根据需要可使用任何时态,主句是一般过去时态,从句必须是过去时态中的一种。)
特殊情况:如果宾语从句表示的是一种客观性真理(比如:世界上有一个太阳,有一个地球......)这是宾语从句,主句是一般过去时态的情况下从句仍然是一般现在时态。
If可能连接的是宾语从句也可能是条件状语从句,连的宾语时意思是(是不是;是否)连的是条件状语从句时意思是(假如,如果),连接宾语从句时,时态搭配关系以写出,连接条件状语从句时,主句是一般将来时态,从句是一般现在时态,区分它连的是宾语从句还是条件状语从句,If放在动词后边时,这是连接的宾语从句,其他位置即是条件状语从句。
拓展阅读
从词类上区别
同位语从句前面的名词只能是idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等有一定内涵的名词,而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词,主句的一部分或是整个主句,如: The possibility that the majority of the labor force will work at home is often discussed.人们经常讨论大多数劳动力将会在家里工作的可能性。(同位语从句)
Our team has won the game, which made us very happy. 我们的队赢了,这让我们很高兴。(定语从句)
从性质上区别
定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释,属于名词性从句的范畴,如: The news that our team has won the game was true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。(同位语从句,补充说明news到底是一个什么消息。)
The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。(定语从句,news在从句中作told的宾语。)
从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别
有些引导词如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句,如:
That question whether we need it has not been considered. 我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑。(同位语从句)
引导词that引导定语从句时,在从句中一般做主语或宾语(指物时还可以用which代替),并且作宾语时常常省略,that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用,不充当任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which来代替,如:
The order that we should senda few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. 我们应派几个人去帮别的几个小组的'命令昨天收到了。(同位语从句,是对order的具体解释,that虽不作成分,但不能省略。)
The order that we received yesterday was that we should senda few people to help the other groups. 我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组。(定语从句,是名词order的修饰语,that在从句中作received的宾语,可以省略。)
【真题例句】 The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by mounting evidence that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and by the continuing controversy over suggestions that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteoritefromMars.
【解析】 句子可拆分为:The issue of //whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, //has been highlighted //by mounting evidence //that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and //by the continuing controversy over suggestions //that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteoritefromMars.
主句为:The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by… and by…。主句主语的结构为: The issue of whether…and whether…。of 短语修饰the issue, of 短语较长一般译在后面;that the Red Planet…是evidence的同位语从句,(即evidence的具体内容)。that bacterial fossils…是suggestions的同位语从句,说明suggestions的具体内容。)第一个同位语从句可以直接翻译在所修饰词后面。第二个同位语可以放在所修饰的名词前面,充当定语。
【参考译文】 越来越多的证据表明,这个红色行星上曾经有稳定而丰富的液态水,而且人们对从火星落到地球上的细菌化石陨石的说法一直有争论,使火星上是否存在过生命和是否至今仍有生命的问题成为了引人注目的重点。