Question

谁能帮我翻译一下一份计算机专业的英文2，谢谢

Keep in mind that the Prolog system does not know the meaning of the predicates in a program; it simply manipulates the statements in a totally symbolic manner according to the resolution inference rule. Thus it is up to the programmer to describe all the pertinent features of a predicate in terms of facts and rules. In this light, Prolog facts tend to be used to identify specific instances of a predicate, whereas rules are used to describe general principles. This is the approach followed by the preceding statements regarding the predicate faster. The two facts describe particular instances of "fasterness" while the rule describes a general property. Note that the fact that a rabbit is faster than a snail, though not explicitly stated, is a consequence of the two facts combined with the rule.
When developing software using Prolog, the task of a programmer is to develop the collection of facts and rules that describe the information that in known. These facts and rules constitute the set of initial statements to be used in the deductive system. Once this collection of statements is established, conjectures (called goals in Prolog terminology) can be proposed to the system-usually by typing them at a computer's keyboard. When such a goal is presented to a consequence of the initial statements. Based on our collection of statements describing the relationship faster, each of the goals

faster (turtle, snail).
faster (rabbit, turtle).
faster (rabbit, snail).

could be so confirmed because each is a logical consequence of the initial statements. The first two are identical to facts appearing in the initial statements, whereas the third requires a certain degree of deduction by the system.
More interesting examples are obtained if we provide goals whose arguments are variables rather than constants. In these cases Prolog tries to derive the goal from the initial statements while keeping track of the unifications required to do so. Then if the goal is obtained, Prolog reports these unifications. For example, consider the goal

faster (W, snail).

In response to this, Prolog reports

faster (turtle, snail).

Indeed, this is a consequence of the initial statements and agrees with the goal via unification.
Furthermore, if we asked Prolog to tell us more, it finds and reports the consequence

faster (rabbit, snial).

In contrast, we can ask Prolog to find instances of animals that are slower than a rabbit by proposing the goal

faster (rabbit, W).

In fact, if we started with the goal

faster (V, W).

Prolog would ultimately seek all the faster relationships that can be derived from the initial statements. This implies that a single Prolog program could be used to confirm that a particular animal is faster than another, to find those animals that are faster than a given animal, to find those animals that are slower than a given animal, or to find all faster relationships.

Answer 1

中文：操作系统控制不同的计算机进程，如运行一个电子表格程序或访问计算机存储器里的信息。一个重要的进程是解释(interpretation)使用户得以与计算机进行通信的命令。有些命令解释器(interpreter)是面向文本的，要求将命令键入。另一些命令解释器是面向图形(graphically oriented)的，允许用户通过指向并点击图标，即屏幕上代表具体(specific)命令的图片，来进行通信。初学者一般觉得面向图形的解释器使用起来容易一些，但是许多有经验的计算机用户更喜欢使用面向文本的命令解释器，因为它们的功能更强大一些。
操作系统或者是单一任务(single-tasking)处理的，或者是多任务(multitasking)处理的。早期的单一任务处理操作系统每次仅能运行一个进程。例如，当计算机打印文件时，在打印结束之前，计算机不能开始另一个进程或响应(respond)新的命令。
所有现代操作系统都是多任务处理的，可以同时运行数个进程。在大多数计算机中，只有一个中央处理器（CPU）（计算机的计算与控制单元），因此多任务处理操作系统造成一种假象，(creates the illusion)即数个进程同时在中央处理器上运行。用来造成这种假象的最常见办法是时间片(time-slice)多任务处理，依靠这种方法(whereby)每个进程都单独运行固定的一段时间。如果进程在分配(allotted)的时间内没有完成，它即被暂停(suspend)，而另一个进程开始运行。进程之间的这种切换被称为上下文转换(context switching)。操作系统进行“簿记”(bookkeeping)，保存被暂停进程的状态。它还有一种确定下一步运行哪个进程的机制，称之为调度程序(scheduler)。调度程序快速运行短进程，以尽可能缩短(minimize)可察觉的延迟(perceptible delay)。由于用户对时间的感觉要比计算机的处理速度慢得多，因此多个进程看似在同时运行。
英文：The operating system control different computer advancement, like moves an electronic forms procedure or in the visit computer storage's information. An important advancement is explained that (interpretation) enables the user to carry on the correspondence with the computer the order. Some order interpreter (interpreter) is faces the text, the request will order to enter. Another some order interpreter is faces the graph (graphically oriented), the permission user through aims at and clicks on the icon, namely on the screen represents the concrete (specific) order the picture, carries on the correspondence. The beginner thought generally uses easy somewhat face the graph interpreter, but many experienced computer users like using face the text order interpreter, because their function is more formidable some. the operating system or is the sole duty (single-tasking) processing, or is the multi-duty (multitasking) processing. The early sole task processing operating system each time can only move an advancement. For example, when computer print file, before printing conclusion, the computer cannot start another advancement or respond the (respond) new order. the all modern operating system is the multitaskings, may a same fortune number of lines advancement. In majority computers, only then a central processor (CPU) (computer's computation and control unit), therefore the multitasking operating system creates one kind of false appearance, (creates the illusion) namely at the same time several advancements moves on the central processor. Uses for to create this kind of false appearance the most common means is the time piece (time-slice) multitaskings, depends upon this method (whereby) each advancement isolated operation fixed period of time. If advancement in assigns (allotted) in the time not to complete, it namely is suspended (suspend), but another advancement starts to move. Between advancement this kind of cut is called the context to transform (context switching). The operating system carries on “the bookkeeping” (bookkeeping), preserves is suspended the advancement the condition. It also has one kind to determine that which advancement mechanism next step moves, calls it scheduler program (scheduler). The scheduler program quick operating short advancement, by reduces the detention which as far as possible (minimize) may realize (perceptible delay). Because the user must be much slower than to the time feeling computer's processing speed, therefore many advancements looked that resembles is also moving.

Answer 2

请记住，序言系统不知道在程序中谓词的意义，它只是象征性的操纵在一个完全按照该决议的推理规则的方式陈述。因此，它是由程序员来描述事实和规则的所有条款的谓词相关特征。有鉴于此，Prolog的事实往往被用来确定一个谓词特定的实例，而规则是用来描述一般原则。这是关于谓词前发言，然后更快的办法。这两个事实说明了“fasterness”特定的实例，而一般的规则描述属性。请注意一个事实，即兔子的速度比蜗牛，虽然没有明确规定，是与规则相结合的两个事实的结果。
在开发软件使用Prolog语言中，程序员的任务就是发展的事实和规则描述，在已知的信息收集。这些事实和规则，构成了最初的报表中设置的演绎系统。一旦这个语句的集合，是建立，猜想（在Prolog术语称为目标）可能会被提出来的系统，通常通过在计算机的键盘它们。当这样一个目标是提交给一个初步陈述的后果。根据我们收集的描述语句的关系更快，每一目标
更快（龟，蜗牛）。
更快（兔，龟）。
更快（兔子，蜗牛）。

也可以这么肯定，因为每个人都是首次发言的合乎逻辑的结果。前两个是相同的事实，在最初的报表中，而第三个需要由系统扣除一定的难度。
更有趣的例子是，如果我们得到其提供的目标参数是变量而不是常量。在这种情况下试图从中序言从最初的报表所需的目标，同时保持这样做的unifications轨道。然后，如果目标是获得的Prolog，报告这些统一。例如，考虑目标

更快（瓦，蜗牛）。

在针对这一情况，Prolog的报告

更快（龟，蜗牛）。

事实上，这是首次发言的后果，并与通过统一的目标一致。
此外，如果我们要求Prolog语言告诉我们多一点，它发现并报告结果

更快（兔子，蜗牛）。

与此相反，我们可以要求序言找到动物实例提出的目标是比兔子慢

更快（兔子，宽）。

事实上，如果我们开始与目标

更快（V和W）。

Prolog的最终将寻求一切可以更快的从最初的报表导出关系。这意味着，一个单一的Prolog程序可以用来确定一个特定的动物比另一种更快，找到那些动物，动物比一个给定的速度，找到那些动物，动物比一个给定的速度较慢，或者更快地找到所有关系。

Answer 3

记住,Prolog系统并不知道的意义在程序谓词;它只是操纵着内容根据完全象徵的方式解决推理规则。因此它是程序来描述所有相关的特征方面的一个谓语事实和规则。在这样的观点下,Prolog数据经常被用来识别具体的实例,而一个谓语规则是用来描述的一般原则。紧随其后的是一种方法前说法中,有关“谓语得更快。两个事实特定情况下的“fasterness描述”,而规则描述了一般财产。注意,这一事实:蜗牛速度比兔子,虽然没有明确的,是一种后果的两个事实结合规则。
当软件开发利用Prolog的任务是发展一个程序员众多事实的描述和规则的信息已知的。这些事实和规则构成的初始报表用于演绎系统。一旦这的语句集合,建立了(称为目标推测Prolog术语)可以提出了对system-usually他们所需要的一种计算机键盘。当此目标被介绍给一名后果的初步报告。根据我们的集陈述更快的关系,每一组的目标更快的龟,蜗牛)。
更加快速的(兔子,龟)。
快(小白兔,蜗牛)。

可能是那样的确认,因为每一个都是一个必然后果的初步报告。前两个都是相同的出现在最初的陈述事实,而第三个需要一定程度的演绎的系统。
更有趣的例子是取得我们提供目标变量中,而不是他们的论点是常数。在这些情况下Prolog希望抛砖引玉,从最初的报表的目标在跟踪这样的统一要求必须这样做。如果目标是Prolog报告这些统一,得到了一些有意义的。例如,考虑的目标

快(W,蜗牛)。

针对这一点,Prolog报告

更快的龟,蜗牛)。

事实上,这是一种后果的初步报告并同意目标通过统一。
此外,如果我们问Prolog告诉我们,它发现和报告的结果

更加快速的(兔子,snial)。

相反,我们可以问问Prolog找到动物的事例,速度比一只兔子提出了目标

更加快速的(兔子,W)。

事实上,如果我们开始了用的目标

更加快速的(V,W)。

最终Prolog追求孜孜不倦,也能获得更快的关系,从最初的报告。这意味着一个Prolog程序可以被用来确认一个特别的动物速度要快于另一个,找出这些动物的速度比一个给定的动物,找出这些动物给定的速度比动物或发现所有更快的关系。

Answer 4

楼上的都是用机器翻译的吧！楼主如果不满意，可以发个消息给我，我有空时替你干一下。这段东西太长了一点，还只有50分。