3个回答
展开全部
一、定语从句的概念
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
二、定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
三、定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
四、关系代词的用法
1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。
例如:
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)
2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。
例如:
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)
3.who, whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom, 也可省略。
例如:
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)
注意:(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who, that, which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。
例如:
This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。
例如:
This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。
(3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。
例如:
The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。
(4)关系词只能用that的情况:
a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。
b.被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?
c.先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which.例如:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如:
Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
f.主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.例如:
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
(5)关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况:
a.先行词为that, those时,用which, 而不用that.
例如:
What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?
b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.
例如:
This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。
c.引导非限制性定语从句,用which, 而不用that.
例如:
Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。
五、关系副词的用法
(1)when指时间,其先行词表示时间,在句中作时间状语。
例如:
This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。
(2)where指地点,其先行词表示地点,在句中作地点状语。
例如:
This is the place where he works.这是他工作的地点。
(3)why 指原因,其先行词是原因,起原因状语作用。
例如:
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
六.限制性和非限制性定语从句
定语从句有限制性和非限制性定语从句两种。一般地说,限制性定语从句用来限制先行词的意义,与先行词关系密切,是整个句子不可缺少的一部分,否则会造成全句意义不明确。而非限制性定语从句带有补充说明的性质,与先行词之间存在一种松散的修饰关系,去掉后一般不会影响句子的主要意义。概括起来,两者有如下区别:
1)形式不同:限制性定语从句常紧跟其先行词,中间不用逗号隔开;而非限制性定语从句与先行词之间常用逗号隔开。
After living in Paris for fifty years, he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child. 在巴黎生活了50年后,他回到了小时候生活过的那个小镇。
2)意义不同
请比较下面两个句子:
My brother who is 18 years old is a college student. 我18岁的那个弟弟是大学生。
My brother, who is 18 years old, is a college student. 我弟弟是大学生,今年18岁。
第一句中,限制性定语从句限制了先行词的意义,明确是18岁的那个弟弟(而不是其他的,即有可能还有几个弟弟)。第二句使用了非限制性定语从句,表明可能只有一个弟弟,18岁,起补充说明作用。
另外,如果先行词是专有名词或独一无二的人或物,通常用非限制性定语从句。
His mother, who loved him very much, died in 1818. 最爱他的母亲于1818年去世了。
I like to chat with Jack, who is a clever boy. 我喜欢和杰克聊天,他是个聪明人。
When he was 17, he went to a technical school in Zurich, Switzerland, where he studied maths and physics. 17岁那年,他到瑞士的苏黎士一家技校上学,在那儿他学习了数学和物理。
3)先行词不同:限制性定语从句的先行词通常是名词或代词,而非限制性定语从句的先行词除名词或代词外,还可以是整个主句(此时,常用which或as引导从句)。
All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需要的只是一些油而已。
Carol said the work would be done by October, which personally I doubted very much. 凯罗尔说工作可在10月前完工,这一点我个人深感怀疑。
As has been announced, we shall have our final exams next week. (2003上海春) 我们将于下周举行期末考试,这一点刚才已经宣布了。
句中as 是关系代词,引导非限制性定语从句,指代后面整个主句的内容。
4)引导词不同:限制性定语从句的引导词可用关系代词that, which, who( whom, whose), as和关系副词when, where, why;除that 和why 外,其它的关系代词、关系副词均可引导非限制性定语从句。
He is the only one of the students who / that has been a winner of scholarship for three years. (NMET 2000春) 他在这些学生中是唯一连续3年获得奖学金的一个。
She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth. (MET 1991) 她听到一个可怕的声音,差点儿把胆都给吓破了。(句中which不可用that代替)
The famous basketball star, who tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention. (2002 春季) 那个篮球明星试图复出江湖,吸引了众人的注意。(句中who不可用that代替)
5)引导词省略情况不同:众所周知,在限制性定语从句中,关系代词如果充当从句的宾语可以省略;而非限制性定语从句中的关系代词是不能省略的。
Is this the book (that / which) you are looking for? 这就是你要找的那本书吗?(关系代词that / which充当从句的宾语,可以省略)
The result of the experiment was very good, which we hadn't expected. 实验的结果非常好,这简直出乎我们的意料。( 关系代词 which在从句中充当expect的宾语,但因为引导的是非限制性定语从句,所以不能省略)
6)译法不同:把句子翻译成汉语时,限制性定语从句中,通常先译从句后译先行词;而非限制性定语从句中则往往相反。
We are living in an age when many things are done on computer. 我们生活在一个许多工作都由电脑来完成的时代。
We will be shown around the city: school, museums and some other places, where other visitors seldom go. 我们将被带去参观全市各地:包括学校、博物馆和其它场所,那些其它游客很少去的地方。
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
二、定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
三、定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
四、关系代词的用法
1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。
例如:
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)
2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。
例如:
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)
3.who, whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom, 也可省略。
例如:
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)
注意:(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who, that, which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。
例如:
This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。
例如:
This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。
(3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。
例如:
The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。
(4)关系词只能用that的情况:
a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。
b.被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?
c.先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which.例如:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如:
Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
f.主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.例如:
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
(5)关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况:
a.先行词为that, those时,用which, 而不用that.
例如:
What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?
b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.
例如:
This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。
c.引导非限制性定语从句,用which, 而不用that.
例如:
Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。
五、关系副词的用法
(1)when指时间,其先行词表示时间,在句中作时间状语。
例如:
This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。
(2)where指地点,其先行词表示地点,在句中作地点状语。
例如:
This is the place where he works.这是他工作的地点。
(3)why 指原因,其先行词是原因,起原因状语作用。
例如:
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
六.限制性和非限制性定语从句
定语从句有限制性和非限制性定语从句两种。一般地说,限制性定语从句用来限制先行词的意义,与先行词关系密切,是整个句子不可缺少的一部分,否则会造成全句意义不明确。而非限制性定语从句带有补充说明的性质,与先行词之间存在一种松散的修饰关系,去掉后一般不会影响句子的主要意义。概括起来,两者有如下区别:
1)形式不同:限制性定语从句常紧跟其先行词,中间不用逗号隔开;而非限制性定语从句与先行词之间常用逗号隔开。
After living in Paris for fifty years, he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child. 在巴黎生活了50年后,他回到了小时候生活过的那个小镇。
2)意义不同
请比较下面两个句子:
My brother who is 18 years old is a college student. 我18岁的那个弟弟是大学生。
My brother, who is 18 years old, is a college student. 我弟弟是大学生,今年18岁。
第一句中,限制性定语从句限制了先行词的意义,明确是18岁的那个弟弟(而不是其他的,即有可能还有几个弟弟)。第二句使用了非限制性定语从句,表明可能只有一个弟弟,18岁,起补充说明作用。
另外,如果先行词是专有名词或独一无二的人或物,通常用非限制性定语从句。
His mother, who loved him very much, died in 1818. 最爱他的母亲于1818年去世了。
I like to chat with Jack, who is a clever boy. 我喜欢和杰克聊天,他是个聪明人。
When he was 17, he went to a technical school in Zurich, Switzerland, where he studied maths and physics. 17岁那年,他到瑞士的苏黎士一家技校上学,在那儿他学习了数学和物理。
3)先行词不同:限制性定语从句的先行词通常是名词或代词,而非限制性定语从句的先行词除名词或代词外,还可以是整个主句(此时,常用which或as引导从句)。
All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需要的只是一些油而已。
Carol said the work would be done by October, which personally I doubted very much. 凯罗尔说工作可在10月前完工,这一点我个人深感怀疑。
As has been announced, we shall have our final exams next week. (2003上海春) 我们将于下周举行期末考试,这一点刚才已经宣布了。
句中as 是关系代词,引导非限制性定语从句,指代后面整个主句的内容。
4)引导词不同:限制性定语从句的引导词可用关系代词that, which, who( whom, whose), as和关系副词when, where, why;除that 和why 外,其它的关系代词、关系副词均可引导非限制性定语从句。
He is the only one of the students who / that has been a winner of scholarship for three years. (NMET 2000春) 他在这些学生中是唯一连续3年获得奖学金的一个。
She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth. (MET 1991) 她听到一个可怕的声音,差点儿把胆都给吓破了。(句中which不可用that代替)
The famous basketball star, who tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention. (2002 春季) 那个篮球明星试图复出江湖,吸引了众人的注意。(句中who不可用that代替)
5)引导词省略情况不同:众所周知,在限制性定语从句中,关系代词如果充当从句的宾语可以省略;而非限制性定语从句中的关系代词是不能省略的。
Is this the book (that / which) you are looking for? 这就是你要找的那本书吗?(关系代词that / which充当从句的宾语,可以省略)
The result of the experiment was very good, which we hadn't expected. 实验的结果非常好,这简直出乎我们的意料。( 关系代词 which在从句中充当expect的宾语,但因为引导的是非限制性定语从句,所以不能省略)
6)译法不同:把句子翻译成汉语时,限制性定语从句中,通常先译从句后译先行词;而非限制性定语从句中则往往相反。
We are living in an age when many things are done on computer. 我们生活在一个许多工作都由电脑来完成的时代。
We will be shown around the city: school, museums and some other places, where other visitors seldom go. 我们将被带去参观全市各地:包括学校、博物馆和其它场所,那些其它游客很少去的地方。
推荐律师服务:
若未解决您的问题,请您详细描述您的问题,通过百度律临进行免费专业咨询