Question

英语里的动名词 概念与用法

Answer 1

动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词.它可以支配宾语,也能被副词修饰.动名词有时态和语态的变化.
解释：动词的ing形式如果是名词,这个词称动名词.
编辑本段一、动名词的作用
动名词具有名词的性质,因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等.
1．动名词由动词 + ing构成,否定形式为not doing,具有动词和名词的性质,在句中起名词作用,可作主语、宾语、表语和定语.
1）作主语.如：
Seeing is believing.
Laying eggs is the ant queen’s full-time job.
It is no use arguing with him.
注意：动名词和不定式都可以作主语,动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为,不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作.如：
Playing with fire is dangerous. （泛指玩火）
To play with fire will be dangerous. （指一具体动作）
但在It is no use/good, not any use/good, useless等后常用动名词间或用不定式.

2）作表语.如：
Her job is teaching.

3）作宾语.如：
He is fond of playing football.
I like swimming.
①admit,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,face,feel,like,finish,forgive,give up,imagine,include,keep,mention,mind,miss,practise,put off,resist,risk,suggest,can’t help（情不自禁）,can’t stand（无法忍受）等动词成词组后可以用动名词作宾语,但不能用不定式.
②forget,go on,mean,regret,remember,stop,try等动词或词组可带动名词或不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别.
Let’s go on studying Lesson 6. （让我们继续学第六课.说明前面已学了一部分.）
Let’s go on to study Lesson 6. （让我们接着学第六课.说明前面已学了第五课.）
I remember doing the exercise. （我记得做过练习.）
I must remember to do it. （我必须记着做这事.）
I tried not to go there. （我设法不去那里.）
I tried doing it again. （我试着又干了一次.）
Stop speaking. （不要讲话.）
He stopped to talk. （他停下来讲话.）
I mean to come early today. （我打算今天早些来.）
Missing the train means waiting for another hour.
（误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时.）
③在allow,advise,forbid,permit等动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语,如果后面有名词或代词作宾语,其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语.如：
We don’t allow smoking here.
We don’t allow students to smoke.
④动词need,require,want作“需要”解,其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语表示事情需要做,这时,动名词的主动式表示被动意义.be worth后必须用动名词的主动形式来表示被动意义.如：
The window needs/requires/wants cleaning/to be cleaned.
Her method is worth trying.
⑤在短语devote to,look forward to,stick to,to be used to,object to,thank you for,excuse me for,be(kept) busy,have difficulty/trouble/problem(in),have a good/wonderful/hard time(in),there’s no use/good/need,feel/seem like/get down to等后的动词也必须用动名词形式,例如：
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
⑥在love,hate,prefer,like等动词后用动名词或不定式无多大区别.有时用动名词作宾语时,指一般情况,而跟不定式作宾语时指某一具体行为.
⑦start,begin,continue在书面语中多后接动名词,在口语中多后接不定式.
但start和begin在下列情况下一般跟不定式作宾语：当主语是物而不是人时；当start或begin以-ing形式出现时,当后面作宾语的动词表示感情、思想或意念时.如：
It started to snow. He is beginning to cook dinner. I began to understand what he meant.
⑧在should(would) like/love等后须用不定式.

4）作定语,例如：
He has a reading room.

2．动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构由物主代词或人称代词宾格、名词所有格或普通格加动名词构成.在句子开头必须用名词所有格或物主代词.如果动名词的复合结构作宾语,其逻辑主语是无生命的名词时,用普通格.如：
His coming made me very happy.
Mary’s crying annoyed him.
She didn’t mind his crying.
Is there any hope of Xiao Wang’s winning.?He insists on the plan being carried out.

3．动名词的时态和语态
动名词的时态分一般式和完成式两种,如果动名词的动作没有明确地表示出时间是与谓语词所表示的动作同时发生或在谓语动词所表示的动作以前发生,用动名词的一般式.如：
We are interested in playing chess.
His coming will be of great help to us.
如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,通常用动名词的完成时态.如：
I’m sorry for not having kept my promise.
在某些动词或词组后,常用动名词的一般形式,尽管其动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.如：Excuse me for coming late.
主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象时,动名词用被动语态.被动语态由“being + 过去分词”或“having been + 过去分词”构成.后一种一般很少使用,以免使句子显得累赘.如：
He likes being helped.
He was afraid of being left at home.
I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to do it.