Question

英语求助

1.3. Factors affecting neighborhood attachment: individual-level
Length of residency, homeowner occupancy, race, ethnicity and other socio-economic indicators have been shown to relate to one’s attachment to neighborhood. Greater length of residence in a neighborhood promotes neighborhood stability and is a positive correlate of neighborhood attachment (Bonaiuto, Aiello, Perugini, Bonnes, & Ercolani, 1999; Brown et al., 2003; Knez, 2005; Sampson, 1988, 1991; Taylor, 1996), although this relationship varies depending on the social and demographic background of residents. Bolan found that new migrants and chronic movers are just as willing as longer-term residents to develop feelings of neighborhood attachment (Bolan,1997). Neighborhood attachment has been shown to be higher for blocks that have a higher proportion of homeowners (Brown et al., 2003). Higher neighborhood attachment levels have been seen among non-White and Hispanic residents when compared to White non-Hispanic residents (Brown et al., 2003; Brown, Brown, et al., 2004). Other research, however, did not find a statistical relationship between neighborhood attachment and neighborhood racial/ethnic composition (Taylor, 1996). Evidence suggests that higher socioeconomic status, as measured by education, was positively associated with neighborhood attachment (Mesch & Manor, 1998; Taylor, 1996). More affluent neighborhoods may be expected to have higher levels of neighborhood attachment compared to deprived neighborhoods, as deprived neighborhoods may have higher levels of crime, less residential stability, and fewer social networks; however, there is again conflicting evidence in the literature as people who report lower income levels have higher levels of neighborhood attachment (Bonaiuto et al., 1999).

Answer 1

1.3
影响邻里依恋的因素：个人在当地居住时间的长短、对所居住建筑的占有情况（比如是自己的房子还是租的）、种族，种族划分以及其他经济因素（比如收入啦）已被证实与一个人的邻里依恋情节有关。在一个地点的长时间居住可以为邻里依恋提供积极的影响(Bonaiuto, Aiello, Perugini, Bonnes, & Ercolani, 1999; Brown et al., 2003; Knez, 2005; Sampson, 1988, 1991; Taylor, 1996)，当然居民的社会背景也会对邻里依恋产生影响。Bolan发现，新来的移居者或是那些经常搬家的人，与当地的常住户一样都有着进一步发展邻里依恋的意(Bolan 1997)。对于那些有着自己住房的人，邻里依恋感情往往更重(Brown et al., 2003)。非白种的西班牙居民之间的邻里依恋 往往比 白种非西班牙居民之间的更高（欧洲的种族问题，完全不明白）(Brown et al., 2003; Brown, Brown, et al., 2004)。然而另外一些调查，却没有发现邻里依恋与种族分布有什么统计上的关系(Taylor, 1996)。事实证明，更高的经济地位，例如更高的教育，对发展邻里依恋有积极的影响 (Mesch & Manor, 1998; Taylor, 1996)。富有的居民往往比那些贫困的居民有着更重的邻里依恋，同时那些贫困居民可能更加容易犯罪、缺少稳定的住宅、缺少必要的人脉。然而，与此观点矛盾的文献也同样存在，它们指出收入少的人却拥有着更重的邻里依恋。

Answer 2

1.3。附件邻里的影响因素：个体的水平。居住，房主出租，种族，族裔和其他社会经济指标的长度已被证实涉及到一个人的依恋邻居。在更大程度上促进邻里街坊居住期限的稳定，是居委会的附件（Bonaiuto，艾洛，Perugini，女佣，及Ercolani，1999年正相关，布朗等人，2003年;。Knez，2005年;桑普森，1988年，1991年;泰勒，1996），虽然这种关系的变化对居民的社会和人口背景而定。柏兰发现，新移民和慢性推动者是一样的长期居民愿意发展邻里附件（博览，1997年）的感情。邻里附件已被证明是块具有较高的房主比例上升（布朗等人。，2003）。附着水平较高的邻里之间经常出现非白人和拉美裔居民相比，白非西班牙裔居民（Brown等，2003;。布朗，布朗等人，2004年。）。其他研究，但是，没有发现邻里之间的依恋和邻里种族/族裔组成（泰勒，1996）的统计关系。有证据表明，较高的社会经济地位，通过教育来衡量，正与邻里附件（Mesch及庄园，1998年泰勒，1996年）有关。较富裕的地区预计将有可能被剥夺相比更高层次的社区居委会的附件，因为可能有被剥夺犯罪社区较高的水平，那么居住稳定性，并减少社会网络;然而，在文献中又相互矛盾的证据，因为人们谁报告较低收入水平较高的邻里附着水平（Bonaiuto等。，1999）。