Question

被动语态的结构

Answer 1

英语被动语态

一、概述

英语中有两种语态，主动和被动。

例如：Many people speak English. 谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。例如：English is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。 所谓主动句就是由主动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子，而被动句则是由被动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子。 例如：He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句) The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句)

二、被动语态的构成

被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以teach为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。

一般现在时：am／is／are＋taught

一般过去时：was／were＋taught

一般将来时：will／shall(be going to) be＋taught

现在进行时：am／is／are being＋taught

过去进行时：was/were being＋taught

现在完成时：have／has been＋taught

过去完成时：had been +taught

过去将来时：would(was/were going to) be+taught

三、被动语态的用法

(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。 例如： Some more interesting novels were stolen last year. 一些新小说去年被写了。(没说小说是谁写的) This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年。

(2)强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。 例如：the window was broken by Mike.窗户是迈克打破的。 This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。 Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。

四、主动语态变被动语态的方法

(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。

(2)把谓语变成被动结构(be＋过去分词) (根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。

(3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如： All the people laughed at him. He was laughed at by all people. They make the bikes in the factory. The bikes are made?by them?in the factory.

五、含有情态动词的被动语态

含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。

例如： We can repair this watch in two days. This watch can be repaired in two days. You ought to take it away. It ought to be taken away. They should do it at once. It should be done at once.

Answer 2

一般现在时：be done（be随人称变化）
一般过去时：was/were done
一般将来时：will be done
现在进行时：be being done（前面的be随人称变化，后面的being固定）
过去进行时：was/were being done（being固定）
将来进行时：will be being done（being固定）
现在完成时：have/has been done
过去完成时：had been done
将来完成时：will have been done
将来完成进行时：will have been done
现在完成进行时：have been being done
过去将来时：would be done
过去将来完成时：would have been done
过去完成进行时：had been being done
过去将来进行时：would be being done
过去将来完成进行时：would have been being done

Answer 3

英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，被动语态 表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。只有及物动词和某些动词短语才能构成被动语态，形式为助 动词 be 加上过去分词。各种时态的被动形式的构成见下表：

各 种 时 态 的 被 动 形 式 表

一 般 时 态 进 行 时 态 完 成 时 态

现在 am/is/are + Ved am/is/are +being+Ved have/has + been + Ved 过去 was/were + Ved was/were +being +Ved had been + Ved 将来 shall/will be + Ved

shall/will have been + Ved 过去将来 should/would be+Ved

should/would have been + Ved

二、考点精要总结：

〔考点1〕 当谈话的对象是动作的承受者时，需用被动语态。

例1：Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which art ificial beings were portrayed had been produced

例2：Whenever we hear of a natural disaster, even in a distant part of the world, we feel sympathy for the people who have been affected

〔考点2〕 当使役动词和感官动词如make, let, hear, help, see 等动词用于被动语态时, 做主语补足语的不定式必须带 to。

例：He was made to carry heavy load every day

〔考点3〕 及物的动词短语也可以构成被动语态，此时要注意 切勿丢掉与动词连用的介词或副词。

例1：The baby is well looked after

例2：Those outofdate rules must be done away with

〔考点4〕 有些动词虽然是及物的，但是由于表示的是状态或 关系，通常不用于被动语态。常 用的此类动词有：cost, fit, have, hold, lack, last, own, possess, resemble, suit 等。

〔考点5〕 少数及物动词用作不及物动词时，后接副词时以主动形式表示被 动的意思。如brea k, cut, fill, lock, open, peel, push, read, sell, shut, wash, wear, write 等。

例1：His new novel sells well

例2：This kind of cloth washes easily

〔考点6〕 一些转化为系动词的感官动词加上表语也可以表示被动的意思。 如：appear, come, fall, feel, go, grow, keep, look, remain, rest, run, smell, stand, sound stay, taste, lie 等。

例：Cloth made of silk feels smoother than that made of cotton

〔考点7〕 bear, deserve, desire, need, require, want 等动词加上动名 词或在 “worth + doing" 结构中，其主动形式表示被动的意思。

例1：The room needs cleaning

例2：This novel is worth reading

Answer 4

(1) am/is / are+及物动词的过去分词 ,体现一般现在时的被动语态
eg. English is spoken in their country.
(2) was/were +及物动词的过去分词 ,体现一般过去时的被动语态
eg. Our school wasn’t built in 1990.
Were the trees planted by him?
(3) will /shall+ 及物动词的过去分词，体现一般将来时的被动语态
eg. A: I shall send my boy to school next September.
P: My boy will be sent to school next september.
(4) would/should +及物动词的过去分词，体现一般过去将来时的被动语态
(5) have/has +been done, 体现现在完成时的被动语态
eg. A: We have studied English for nine years.
P: English has been studied for nine years by us.
(6) had + been done, 体现过去完成时的被动语态
eg. A: They had produced 100 cars by the end of last year.
P: 100 cars had been produced by the end of last year.
带情态动词的被动结构
其形式为：情态动词+be+动词过去式
• Can, could/ will,would/ shall, should/ may, might/ must/ ought to/ need/ have to

Answer 5

Your letter must have been lost in the post office( by them ).
首先主动该被动，主动句中的宾语变成被动句主语，即the letter.
主动句主语作为动作的发出者，在被动句中是类似于宾语的存在，by+主语的宾格放在句末。因为被动语态常常用在说话者不知道动作发出者（Someone,Somebody这类的不定代词）或者不想提及动作发出者身份时使用，故也可以省略。
然后谓语根据时态改为被动语态，基本上就可以认为是由原时态主动形式+be的对应形式+谓语动词的过去分词（不是过去式）构成。
例如：is doing->is being done
这里则是must have done->must have been done
想必已经做了-》想必已经被做了
基本上就是这样的。