被动语态的结构
2024-11-04 广告
1、动词一般现在时被动语态
am/is/are+过去分词
English is widely used at international meetings.英语在许多国际会议上广泛使用。
Computers are sold in the shop.那家商店出售电脑。
2、动词一般过去时被动语态
was+过去分词
were+过去分词
Many new buildings were put up lastyear.去年造了许多新楼房。
That song was sung by the singer at the party.聚会上那首歌被那位歌星唱过。
3、动词一般将来时被动语态
Shall/will/be going to be+过去分词
The play will be put on soon.这个戏不久将要上演。
The old house is going to pulled down soon.那幢旧房子很快就要被拆掉。
4、动词现在进行时被动语态
am/is/are+being+过去分词
A language lab is being built in our school.我们学校正在建造一个语言实验室。
The old bikes are being repaired now.旧自行车正在修理。
5、动词过去进行时被动语态
was+being+过去分词
were+being+过去分词
Mother said that my dirty clothes were being washed.母亲说我的脏衣服正在洗。
When I went to the watch shop,my watch was being fixed.我到手表店的时候,我的手表正在修。
6、动词现在完成时被动语态
have been+过去分词
has been+过去分词
The jobs have been finished.这些工作已被完成了。
That dirty place has been turned into a garden.那个脏地方已被变成一座花园。
如: My bike is broken.(我的自行车坏了。) The door is open.(门开了。)
2. 主动语态改被动语态的方法 1)将主动语态改为被动语态应注意以下三个方面:①将主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语;②将主动语态的谓语动词改为“be+过去分词”结构;③将主动语态的主语改为介词by之后的宾语,放在谓语动词之后(有时可省略)。 2)含直接宾语和间接宾语的主动语态改为被动语态时有两种情况:①把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语,直接宾语仍保留原位;②把直接宾语改为主动语态的主语,此时,间接宾语前要加介词to或 for。如: He gave the boy an apple.→The boy was given an apple.(或An apple was given to the boy.) Her father bought her a present.→She was bought a present by her father.(或A present was bought for her by her father.) 3)不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的主动语态,改为被动语态时不定式前要加to。如: They watched the children sing that morning.→The children were watched to sing that morning. 4)带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时,一般把主动语态的宾语改为主语,宾语补足语在被动语态中作主语补足语。如: We call him Xiao Wang.→He is called Xiao Wang. He cut his hair short.→His hair was cut short. They told him to help me.→He was told to help me?5)短语动词是不可分割的整体,改为被动语态时要保持其完整性,介词或副词不可遗漏。如: We must take good care of the young trees.→The young trees must be taken good care of. 6)含有宾语从句的主动结构变为被动结构时,通常用it作为被动结构的先行主语,从句放在句子后面;也可采用另一种形式。可以这样转换为被动结构的动词有know,say,believe,find,think,report等。如: People believe that he is ill.→It is believed that he is ill.(或:He is believed to be ill.)
3. 被动语态改为主动语态的方法: 被动语态中介词by后的宾语改为主动语态中的主语(或按题意要求确定主语),按照这个主语的人称和数以及原来的时态把谓语动词形式由被动语态改为主动语态。注意在主动语态中有的动词要求不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语,此时要把被动语态中的to去掉。被动语态的主语用来作主动语态的宾语。如: History is made by the people.?The people make history.
4. 不能用于被动语态的情况 1)某些表示“静态”的及物动词(表示状态而不是动作,而且常常是不可用于进行时态的动词)如have,fit,suit,hold(容纳),cost, suffer,last(持续)等不能用于被动语态。如: They have a nice car.他们有一辆漂亮的汽车。 My shoes don't fit me.我的鞋不合适。 My brain can't hold so much information at one time.我的脑子一下子记不住这么多资料。 How much /What does it cost?这值多少钱? Our holiday lasts 10days.我们的假期有十天。 This food will last(them)(for)3days.这食物足够(他们)(吃)三天。 2)不是所有带介词的动词都能用于被动结构。若是构成成语动词通常有被动态,若不构成成语动词则无被动态。试比较: They arrived at a decision.?A decision was arrived at.他们作出了决定。 They arrived at the station.他们到达车站。(不说:The station was arrived at.) He looked into the question.?The question was looked into.他调查了这个问题。 3)动词leave(离开),enter(进入),join(参加)不可用于被动语态。如: The car left the road and hit a tree.车子离开了道路,撞上了树。 4)某些及物动词可作不及物动词用,特别是后加副词(如well, easily等)时。主动语态有被动含义,这类动词常见的有sell,write, wear,wash,cook,open,close,lock,read,record等。如: His new novel is selling well.他的新小说很畅销。The cloth washes well.这布很耐洗。 This material won't wear.这种材料不耐穿。His play won't act.他的戏剧不会上演。 The window won't shut.这窗关不上。The door won't open.这门打不开。 The door won't lock.这门锁不上。This poem reads well.这首诗读来很好。 5)feel,look,appear,sound,taste,smell等由实意动词演变而来的系动词,后接形容词作表语,不可用于被动语态。如: Tell me if you feel cold.你要是感到冷就告诉我。 You're looking very unhappy?what's the matter?你看来很不高兴???怎么回事儿? The soup tastes wonderful.这汤味道好极了。 Those roses smell beautiful.那些玫瑰好闻极了。 She appears to be friendly.她看上去很友好。 6)宾语是不定式或动词的或-ing形式时,不可用于被动语态。如: Peter hoped to meet her.彼得希望遇见她。 Mr Smith enjoyed seeing his daughter.史密斯先生喜欢看他的女儿。 7)宾语是反身代词或相互代词时,不可用于被动语态。如: She can dress herself.她可以自己穿衣服。 We could hardly see each other in the fog.在雾中我们彼此几乎看不见。 8)宾语是同源宾语时,不可用于被动语态。如: They live a happy life.他们过着幸福的生活。 The girl dreamed a sweet dream .那女孩做了个甜美的梦。 9)宾语带有与主语有照应关系的物主代词时,不可用于被动语态。如: The old man broke his(=the old man's)legs.那老人把自己的腿弄断了。 The girl shook her(=the girl's)head.那女孩摇了摇头。
5. 某些动词的主动形式表被动含义 英语中有很多动词如act,break,catch,cut,clean,drive,draw, let,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash,wear等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,其主动形式常用来表达被动含义。另外,像 owe,beat,cook,bake,print,build,make等,有时可以用主动形式表达被动含义。如: This kind of radio doesn't sell well.这种收音机不太畅销。 The shop opens at eight o'clock.这个商店八点开门。 The pipe does not draw well.这烟斗不太通畅。 These plays act wonderfully.这些剧演得好。 Kate's book reads like an interesting novel.凯特的这本书读起来像本有趣的小说。 注意:主动表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。如: The door won't lock.门锁不上。(指门本身有毛病) The door won't be locked.门不会被锁上。(指不会有人来锁门) His novels sell easily.他的小说销路好。(指小说本身内容好) His novels are sold easily.他的小说容易销售。(主要强调外界对小说的需求量大)
6.某些动名词的主动形式表被动含义 1)在need,want,require,deserve和bear等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动含义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。如: The house needs repairing(to be repaired).这房子需要修理。 My clothes need washing(to be washed).我的衣服需要洗了。 2)形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式;而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。如: The picture-book is well worth reading.(=The picture-book is very worthy to be read.)这本画册很值得一读。 Such a man as Mr.Smith is not worth helping.(=Such a man as Mr.Smith is not worthy to be helped.)像史密斯先生那样的人不值得帮助。 This plan is not worth considering.(=This plan is not worthy to be considered.)这个计划不值得考虑。 3)某些动词不定式的主动形式表被动含义 a.当nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant, interesting等形容词后跟不定式作状语,而句子的主语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时,这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动含义。如: Japanese is not difficult to learn.日语并不难学。(指日语被学) The water is unfit to drink.这水不适合喝。(指水被喝) The piece of music is pleasant to hear.这首音乐听起来很悦耳。(指音乐被听) This book is easy to read.这本书读起来很容易。(指书被读) b.当动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时,不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。如: I have a lot of work to do today.我今天有很多工作要做。(work to do指被做的工作) He has three children to look after.他有三个孩子要照看。(children to look after指孩子被照看) 注意:如果以上句型用动词不定式的被动形式,其含义有所区别。如: I have some clothes to be washed.我有些要洗的衣服。(衣服不是自己洗) c.在there be...句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主动或被动式,其含义没有什么区别。如: There is a lot of homework to do(to be done).有很多家庭作业要做。 There are some clothes to wash(to be washed).有些衣服要洗。 4)由介词for,on,above,under等构成的短语有时可以表达被动含义。如: His paintings will be on show tomorrow afternoon.=His paintings will be shown tomorrow afternoon.他的油画作品明天下午展出。 5)表示感官意义的连系动词如smell,feel,taste,look,sound等在句子中常表达被动含义。如: How nice the music sounds!这音乐听起来多悦耳! Good medicine tastes bitter.良药苦口。 Our school looks more beautiful than before.我们学校看上去比以前更漂亮了。在主动语态中,使让动词(make,have,let)和感官动词(see, look,watch,notice,listen,hear,feel,find)后必省略to,但在被动语态中必须加上to
例:在教室里我们听见他唱了这首歌
we heard him sing this song in the classroom.
he was heard to sing this song by us in the classroom.
一般过去时:was/were done
一般将来时:will be done
现在进行时:be being done(前面的be随人称变化,后面的being固定)
过去进行时:was/were being done(being固定)
将来进行时:will be being done(being固定)
现在完成时:have/has been done
过去完成时:had been done
将来完成时:will have been done
将来完成进行时:will have been done
现在完成进行时:have been being done
过去将来时:would be done
过去将来完成时:would have been done
过去完成进行时:had been being done
过去将来进行时:would be being done
过去将来完成进行时:would have been being done
(2)
公式:be+动词的过去分词
应用范围:表示被动的情况,一般是及物动词有被动语态,切记不及物动词与一些固定词组是没有被动语态的.例如:happen,take place
英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的.英语中有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态.
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者.巧记为:主动、主动、主去动.
例如:Many people speak English.
谓语:speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的.
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象.巧记为:被动、被动、主被动.例如:English is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者.
主动态和被动态指的是动词形式,是词法概念;而主动句和被动句则指的是句子结构,从而是句法概念.所谓主动句就是由主动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子,而被动句则是由被动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子.
例如:He opened the door.他开了门.(主动句)
歌诀:谁做的动作不知道,说出谁做的没有必要;
主动语态变被动语态的方法
(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语.
(2)把谓语变成被动结构(be+过去分词)
(根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数,以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式).
(3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格.例如:
All the people laughed at him.
He was laughed at by all people.
They make the bikes in the factory.
The bikes are madeby them in the factory.
歌诀是:宾变主,主变宾,by短语后面跟.
谓语动词变被动,be后“过分”来使用.
The door was opened.门被开了.(被动句)
二、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成.人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的.现以teach为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成.
被动语态的用法
(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁.
例如:
Some new computers were stolen last night.
一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了.(不知道电脑是谁偷的)
This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年.
(2)强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者.
例如:the window was broken by Mike.窗户是迈克打破的.
This book was written by him.这本书是他写的.
语态是动词的一种形式,它表示主语和谓语的关系。语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。如果主语是动作的执行者,或者是说动作是由主语完成的,要用主动语态;如果主语是动作的承受者,或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的,则用被动语态。
概述
在英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍,许多课本及考试乃至实际应用中都常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时,多用被动语态。需要注意的是,许多地方与汉语不同。注意:哪些汉语中没有“被……”的意思,英语却应该用被动态。还要注意,英语的被动态往往由“by”引出,而有用介词“by”的短语往往又不是被动语态,而是主系表结构。还有些特殊现象,如:“known to man”(人类……所知),“on foot”步行(美国人有时用“by foot”),“in carriage”(乘四轮马车)等等。还有假主动,真被动的十几个常用词的用法,以及“so heavy to carry”而不用“so heavy to be carried”等习惯用法。有关这类情况,做到心中有数对全面掌握被动态,准确无误地解答习题非常关键,被动态必须涉及的是动词的各种时态变化的问题。英语的时态本来很复杂,怎样记住各自的被动形式呢?首先要明确“将来进行无被动,现在完成进行同”。这两种时态无被动形式。 另外,不及物动词带有同原宾语的动词,反身代词的动词和系动词都无被动形式。即便如此,还有不定式,动名词,分词,以及它们的复合结构的被动态,再加上情态动词,助动词以及它们的疑问式和否定式从中掺杂,真是令人头痛,眼花缭乱。下面口诀就以动词“do”为例,即“do、did”过去式“done”过去分词,以口诀形式总结各种时态的被动态。一定对你有所启示。 当然了,被动语态也可以概括为“be done”。
被动语态各时态构成表
TENSE 主动语态 被动语态
一般现在时 be+V.\V.s am\is\are+V(p.p)
一般将来时 will\be going to+V. will be +V(p.p)
现在进行时 am\is\are+V.ing am\is\are+being+V(p.p)
一般过去时 ①was\were②V.ed was\were+V(p.p)
现在完成时 have\has+V.p.p have\has+been+V(p.p)
过去完成时 had+V.p.p had+been+V(p.p)
过去进行时 was\were+V.ing was\were+being+V(p.p)
情态动词 情态动词+V. 情态动词+be+V(p.p)
被动语态(一般现在时) 主动语态变被动语态时,主动语态句中的宾语变成被动语态句中的主语,主动语态句中的主语成为被动语态句中的动作的发出者。 被动语态的口诀: 一般现、过用be +V.过去分词,be有人称、时、数变。 完成时态have(has)done,被动将been加中间。 一般将来shall(will)do,被动变do为be done。 将来进行无被动,shall(will)be doing。 现在完成进行同,have(has)been doing。 现、过进行be doing,被动be加being done。 情、助、有、是妥安排,一律随新主语变。 否定助后加not,疑问一助置主前。 主语恰是疑问词,直陈语序主在前。 一般情助加be done,双宾多将间宾变。 复合宾语宾变主,宾补、主补相应变。 1.一般现在时is\am\are+P.P(过去分词) 2.一般过去时was\were+P.P 3.一般将来时will be+P.P 4.现在进行时is\am\are+being(固定不变)+P.P 5.过去进行时was\were+being(固定不变)+P.P 6.现在完成时have\has been+P.P 7.过去完成时had been+P.P 第二句“be有人称、时、数变”即be有人称、时态和单、复数的变化。“情助”是指情态动词和助动词“must,may,can,shall,will”等一律随新主语(多是主动句中的宾语)来变化。“疑问一助置主前”是说有两个助动词的话,应把主语放在第一助动词之后或把第一助动词置于主语之前。下面详细举例说明之。