Question

跪求翻译一个论文，大家帮帮忙，具体如下。

一、Definitions of Instructional Design
1. ID is interpreted broadly and includes a collection of activities to plan, implement, evaluate, and manage events and environments that are intended to facilitate learning and performance. ID encompasses a set of interdependent and complex activities including situation assessment and problem identification, analysis and design, development and production, evaluation, and management and maintenance of learning process and the ID effort.
Instruction design is the systemic process of planning instruction for effective and productive learning. It should lead the learners to reach the required learning stage with full of insights for further learning.
Instructional Design is the systematic process of translating general principles of learning and instruction into plans for instructional materials and learning.
The term instructional system design was defined with a general description of the design process. Stages of design are often presented as a flow diagram or model to be followed in the design of instructional materials. The instructional system approach is a process of planning and developing instruction that makes use of research and learning theory and employs empirical testing as a means for the improvement of instruction.
Instructional System Design (ISD) is an organized procedure that includes the steps of analyzing, designing, developing, implementing, and evaluating instruction.
国外的教学设计概念：
Instructional design is the entire process of analysis of learning needs and goals and the development of delivery system (instructional materials and activities) to meet the needs.
L. J. Briggs
Instructional design refers to the systematic process of translating principles of learning and instruction into plans for instructional materials and activities.
P. L. Smith
Instructional design can be defined as the science of creating detailed specifications for the development, evaluation and maintenance of situations which facilitate the learning of both large and small unite of subject matter.
R. Richey
Instructional design is a discipline that is concerned with understanding and improving the process of instruction.
The purpose of any design activity is to devise optimal means to achieve desired ends. Therefore the discipline of instructional design is concerned primarily with prescribing optimal methods of instruction to bring desired changes in student’s knowledge and skills.
C. M. Reigeluth

Answer 1

一，教学设计定义
1。 ID是广义的解释，包括收集到的活动计划，实施，评估和管理活动，此举的目的是促进学习和表现环境。身份证包含一系列相互依存的情况，包括设置和评估和问题识别，分析和设计，漏缓游开发和生产，评估，管理和学习过程中努力维护和ID复杂的活动。
教学设计是有效的规划和生产性学习教学系统的过程。它应该引导学习者达到全面的见解为进一步学习所需要的学习阶段。
教学设计是转化为计划的一般原则的学习和教学的教材和学习的系统过程。
教学系统设计一词被定义为具有一个设计过程的一般描述。设计阶段往往表现为一个流动的图或模型将在随后的教学材料的设计。该教学系统的做法是一个发展的规划和教学过程，使学习理论的研究和利用，员工作为改进教学实践的检验手段。
教学系统设计（政府新闻处）是一个有组织的过程，包括分析，设计，开发，实施和评价教学哪嫌的步骤。
国外的教学设计概念：
教学设计是学习需要和目标和交货系统（教学材料和活动）的发展，以满足需求分析的全过返销程。
阮荣布里格斯
教学设计是指转化为对教材和学习活动的计划和指导原则的系统过程。
体育属史密斯
教学设计可以定义为创造发展，评价和学习的情况，这方便了详细的规范科学的维护大型和小型团结的主题。
里奇河
教学设计是一个与理解，提高教学过程有关的纪律。
任何设计活动的目的是制定最佳的手段来达到预期的目的。因此，教学设计学科主要关注处方教学，使学生的知识和技能所需更改的最佳方法。
三米Reigeluth

Answer 2

教学设计的定义
1。身份证是广泛,包括解释一组活动,计划、落实、评估和管理活动和环境,旨在促进学习和性能。身份证包含一组相互依赖、复杂的好键活动,包括盯磨态势评估和问题识别、分析、设计、开发、生产、评价和管理和维护的学习过程和身份证的努力。
教学设计是系统规划过程中有效的指导和富有成效的学习。它应该帮助学生学习阶段达到所要求的满有洞察力进一步学习。
教学设计是一种系统的一般原则的翻译过程中学习和教学计划在教学材料和学习。
这个术友则巧语定义教学系统设计与一般的描述的设计过程。设计阶段,往往表现为流程图或者模型设计中必须遵循的教学材料。教学的系统方法就是不断的规划和发展说明利用研究和学习理论,运用实证为手段的改进指导。
教学系统设计(新闻处)是一个有组织程序,包括步分析、设计、发展、实施和评价的指导。
国外的教学设计概念:
教学设计的整个过程是分析学生的学习需求和目标的发展和传递系统的(教学材料和活动)满足受灾群众的需求。
l . j .布里格斯
教学设计是指对于翻译原则系统化的过程的学习和教学计划在教学材料和活动。
史密斯p . l .
教学设计可以被定义为科学的铬

Answer 3

教你个方法，打开google在线翻译，然后把文章拷到里面，翻译。大体意思就出来了