定语从句和名词性从句如何区分? 10

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小牛英语网站
2016-05-03
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最关键的一点:名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句,这些从句分别在整个句子中作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。而定语从句在整个句子中作定语,起修饰作用。

具体用法如下:

名词从句
名词从句有四类:宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。例如:
宾语从句:I don’t know where he will go.
主语从句:Where he will go is unknown.
表语从句:The problem is how we can get so much money.
同位语从句:We all feel sorry about the news that he failed in the game.
下面几点是学习名词从句要加以注意的:
1. whether和if都可以引导宾语从句表达“是否”意,(即引导宾语从句时if和whether
可以互换)但以下几种名词从句要用whether(不用if)引导:
(1) 引导主语从句,且在句首时。例:Whether he has won the tennis is not known.(但 It is not known whether/if he has won the tennis).
(2) 引导表语从句时。例The problem is whether he can get a job.
(3) 引导同位语从句时。例:I have no idea whether he will come.
(4) 介词后的whether从句。例:I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.
2. 位于句首引导主语从句的that不可忘。
例如:That he got the first place in the competition surprised all of us.
3. 在“It is suggested/proposed/ordered/a pity/no wonder/necessary/strange/…+
that从句”结构中,that从句谓语有时用(should)do这样的虚拟语气形式。
例如:It is suggested that we(should) improve the relations between us.
It is a pity that one(should) stay in one place all one′s life.
It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings(缺点).
4. 在“The reason why…is that…”句式中that不要误为because.
例如:The reason why he didn′t go to school yesterday is that he was ill.
5. 名词从句中that,what用法比较:
引导名词从句的that是连词,在句中无成份,无意义,而what是连接代词,what=the thing(s) that.
例如:It was told in yesterday′s newspaper that what the students had done was praised by the factory.
I know that he will study.
I know what he will study.
That he works hard at his lessons is known to us all.
What he works hard at is known to us all.
All I ask is that you should tell the truth./He is not what(=the person that)he
used to be.他和以前大不相同了。
6. where在名词从句中的使用特点:
where在名词从句中有时可以变为“the place where”,有时可以变为“介词+the place where” 形式。例如:
主从:Where(=The place where)she has gone is still unknown.
宾从:Would you please tell me where(=the place where) Mr Smith lives?
表从:Your dictionary remains where(=in/at the place where)you put.
同位从:Have you any idea where(=of the place where) she is spending her holidays?
7. 无论是哪种名词从句都是陈述语序。例如:
I know where he lives./Please tell me what her name is.
当一个特殊疑问句本身就是陈述语序(即“主+谓+(宾)”或“主+系+表”结构),将其变为间接引语(即宾语从句)时,无需改变语序。例如:
What′s the matter with him? She asked me what was the matter with him.
Who looks after your grandfather? He asked me who looked after my grandfather. ===========================================================================
定语从句

一、 定语从句与引导词
定语从句是在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫做选行词,
而引导定语从句的词叫引导词,有关系代词和关系副词两类。
懂得什么样的先行词后用什么样的引导词是学好定语从句的关键。
1. 关系代词有:that,which,who,whom,whose,在定语从句中作主语、宾语中表语,whose 作定语。代人的有:who,whom,whose,that;代物的有:that,which,whose.例如:
The man who helped you is Mr White.(who代人,在定语从句中作主语)
That is the person(whom/who/that) you want to see.(whom,who,that代人,在定语从句中作宾语,可省略)
I′m not the fool(that) you thought me to be.(that代人,在定从中作表语)
A dictionary is a useful book which(=that) tells us the meaning of words(which或that代物,在定从中作主语)
2. 关系副词有:when(指时间),where(指地点),why(指原因),在定语从句中作状语。
例如:Would you suggest a time(when) we can have a talk?(when可省略)
The house where they live is not very large./This is the reason why he did not came to the meeting.
注意:不是表时间的先行词都用when引导定从,不是表地点的先行词都用where引导定从。例如:We′ll visit the factory which(=that) makes radios.
(which或that在定从中作主语,where不可用主语,故不可用)
They still remember the happy days(which/that) they spent in Beidaihe.
(which或that在定从中作spent的宾语,when不可作宾语,故不可用)

二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句和主句之间不用逗号分开,修饰主句中的某一个名词或名词词组或代
词;非限制性定语从句常用逗号和主句隔开,可以修饰主句中的某一个词,也可修饰整个句子。非限制性定语从句不能用that引导,引导非限制性定语从句的关系词不能省略。非限制性定语从句例:Li Ping′s father, who works in a factory, is an engineer./He tore up my photo, which made me very angry.(which指代主句内容,因前后两句是因果关系,此时which不可换为as。)
He is good at physics, as is known to us all.=As is known to us all, he is good at physics.(as指代主句内容,在as is known/believed, as we all know/believe这类结构中as不可换为which)

三、 只用that引导和不用that引导的场合
1. 只用that引导的场合
1) 当先行词既包括人又包括物时:He talked about the men and the books that attracted him.
2) 指物的先行词被any, every, only, very, all, no等修饰时:These are the very points that interest me./That′s the only watch that I like most.
3) 指物的先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时:The first step that we are to take is very difficult./This is the second card that he gave me.
4) 先行词是指物的不定代词all,little,few,much,及everything,anything,nothing等时:There is still much that can be done about it./Have you got everything that you need?
5) 先行词是who时:Who that have seen him does not like him?
2. 不用that的场合如下:
1)非限制性定语从句中 Last night ,I saw a very good film,which was about the Long
March .
2)介词放在关系代词之前时 This is the man from whom I learnt the news
3)句中出现了that,或先行词是that时 I have found that which I was looking for.

四、“介词+关系代词”用法
1. 介词的确定应依据定语从句中短语的习惯性搭配,例如:Who is the girl with whom you just shook hands?(shake hands with…是习惯性搭配)
2. 介词常受先行词的制约(即介词和先行词的搭配),例如:He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.(through which 即through the telescope)
3. 当关系代词作“动词+介词”固定短语的宾语时,此时因定短语中的介词不能拆开移到关系代词前。例如:This is the watch which you′re looking for./He is a kind of man whom you can safely depend on.

五、几个名词后的引导词
1. situation后常用where,in which引导定语从句:Can you imagine a situation where/in
which you can use the word?
2. way(方式,方法)后常用in which或that或how引导定语从句,也可省略:Do you know the way(in which/that/how) he worked out the problem?
3. “the same+名词”,“such+名词”,“as+名词”后通常用as引导定语从句。
例如:I have the same dictionary as you(have)./Such a book as you bought is not worth buying.
追问
定语从句中不会有whether或if么?
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