附加疑问句各种成分的选用
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英语的附加疑问句主要是通过重复前面句子中的主语和谓语构成。其操作词通常要与前面句子的谓语动词保持人称、数和时态的一致;其主语也必须是与前面句子的主语在人称、数和性别方面保持一致的人称代词;其否定词应该使用not的缩略式 n't。例如:
john will go out, won't he?
约翰将出去,不是吗?
mary failed her exam, didn't she?
玛丽考试未及格,不是吗?
you are not better, are you?
你还没有恢复健康,是吗?
在实际应用中,一些人对附加疑问句的主语、操作词、肯定或否定形式的选用往往容易弄错。这里仅对在选用简单句(包括陈述句、祈使句、感叹句)的附加疑问句各种成分时容易产生错误的问题作一些归纳和分析。
a. 简单句的附加疑问句主语的选用
a.当前面句子是以引导词there引起的表示存在的句子时,附加疑问句的主语是重复there。例如:
there will be a meeting tomorrow, won't there?
明天有一个会议,是吗?
there is still some ink in the bottle, isn't there?
瓶里还有一些墨水吗?
b.当前面句子的主语是动词不定式、动名词或词组时,附加疑问句的主语必须用it。例如:
to adopt an attitude is to seek truth from facts, isn't it?
这种态度就是实事求是的态度,不是吗?
writing the book has taken up all his spare time, hasn't it?
写这本书占去了他所有的业余时间,是吗?
lifting weights will build arm and shoulder muscles, won't it?
举重可以锻炼臂部肌肉和肩部肌肉,对吗?
from wuhan to beijing is over 1,000 kilometres, isn't it?
从武汉到北京有1 000多公里,是吗?
c.当前面句子的主语是指示代词that, this; these或those时,附加疑问句的主语应分别用it或they。例如:
this isn't a fast train, is it?
这不是一辆快车,是吗?
that was a very pleasant trip, wasn't it?
那是一次很愉快的旅行,不是吗?
these are not story books, are they?
这些不是故事书,是吗?
当指示代词such用作前面句子的主语时,附加疑问句的主语得根据其概念而定,即可能是单数it,也可能是复数they。例如:
such is life, isn't it?
生活就是这样,不是吗?
such are available, aren't they?
这些东西可以弄到,不是吗?
d.当前面句子的主语是nobody, no one, none, everyone, everybody, somebody等复合不定代词时,附加疑问句的主语用he或they都可以。在现代英语中一般倾向于用they(这时,操作词也得用复数)。这是因为英语中没有一个既可指he又可指she的单数第三人称代词,而这些复合不定代词究竟表示男人还是女人是不明确的,不便一律都用he。例如:
everybody has got a ticket, haven't they?
每人都有一张票,是吗?
anyone can do that, can't they?
任何人都能做那件事,对吗?
everyone knows his job, doesn't he?
每个人都知道他的工作,不是吗?
当前面句子的主语是表物的复合不定代词everything, something, anything, nothing作主语时,其附加疑问句的主语只能用it。例如:
everything seems all right, doesn't it?
看来一切都很正常,对吗?
nothing is wrong, is it?
没有什么错的,是吗?
e.如果前面句子的主语为each of…结构,当强调“各自、各个”时,附加疑问句的主语用he;当强调“全体”而不着重“各自”时,则根据情况分别用they, we或you。其操作词的数也必须随附加疑问句的主语而变化。例如:
each of the successful candidates was presented with a certificate, wasn't he?
每个成功了的参赛者都分别得到了一张证书,是吗?
each of the students passed the examination, didn't they?
所有学生都通过了考试,是吗?
each of us have been there, haven't we?
我们所有人都去过那儿,不对吗?
f.当前面句子的主语是不定代词one时,附加疑问句的主语在正式场合用one,非正式场合用you,在美国英语中,非正式场合还可用he。例如:
one can't be too careful, can one?
人们越小心就越好,对吗?(正式场合)
one should do his duty, shouldn't he?
(一个)人应该履行自己的职责,对吗?(非正式场合)
最后一个句子的附加疑问句的主语只能用he,如果将前面句子中的物主代词分别改用one's或your,其附加疑问句的主语也该用one或you。试比较:
one should do one's duty, shouldn't one?(正式场合)
one should do your duty, shouldn't you?(非正式场合)
b. 附加疑问句操作词的选用
附加疑问句的操作词包括连系动词be、助动词be、do和情态动词。选用操作词时,除了以上提到的情况外,还要注意以下一些情况。
a.当前面句子中有had better和would rather时,附加疑问句的操作词应分别为had或would。例如:
you'd better go now, hadn't you?
你最好现在就走,可以吗?
you'd rather be there early, wouldn't you?
你宁可早点到达那儿,行吗?
如果前面句子的主语是we,附加疑问句的操作词还可用shall表示进一步征求对方意见。例如:
“well,” he said amiably,“perhaps we'd better see how it shakes down, shall we?”
“好吧,”他亲切地说,“我们还是看看那震动的情况怎样,好吗?”
b.如果前面句子中的谓语动词是wish,其附加疑问句的操作词常用may。例如:
i wish to call on you tonight, may i?
我想今晚来拜访你,行吗?
i wish to go home now, may i?
我现在可以回家了吗?
c.当前面句子的主语是i,动词是am时,在标准英语中英国人常用aren't i;美国人则习惯用ain't i。在很正式的书面语中,也有用am i not或am not i的,但较少见。英国人在非正式场合还用an't i 或a'n't i;苏格兰和爱尔兰的方言还有用amn't i的情况。例如:
i am interested in the story, aren't i?
我不是对这个故事很感兴趣吗?
excuse me, i'm rather careless, arn't i?
对不起,我太粗心了,是吗?
i am good enough, aren't i?
我够好了,不是吗?
oh dear, i am a dead loss, aren't i?
哎呀,我完全无能为力了!
d.当前面句子使用ought to时,尽管多数人认为附加疑问句的操作词该用should来代替ought,但在英美一些词典和教科书里,附加疑问句使用ought或oughtn't的例子也比比皆是。例如:
she ought to go by bus, oughtn't she?
她应当乘车去,不是吗?
such things ought not to be allowed, ought they?
这样的事情不应该得到许可,对吗?
he ought to be punished, oughtn't he?
他应当受到责备,不是吗?
everyone ought to brush his teeth regularly, oughtn't they?
人人都应当养成刷牙的习惯,对吗?
从我们所收集的语言材料来看,英国人用ought的多,美国人习惯用should。由此可见,学者们对此的意见之所以不一致,是英美两国的习惯不一致之故。因此,我们认为,ought和should都应该视为标准的英语,只是用should时语气较委婉,听起来也较自然些;而用ought时口气较庄重些罢了。
e.当前面句子带有used to时,附加疑问句的操作词用use(d)和did均可,但后者比较口语化。例如:
you used to play the flute, usedn't you?
你过去常常吹长笛,是吗?
you used to live in leeds, use(d)n't you/didn't you?
你过去总是住在利兹城,是吗?
有趣的是,在前面句子的used to后面用不定式be时,附加疑问句的操作词还可用be的过去时形式。例如:
she used to be a sort of friend of yours, was she not?
她过去是你的朋友,不是吗?
f.当前面句子中的must表示“必须”时,附加疑问句的操作词仍用must。如前面句子的must表示“有必要”时,附加疑问句的操作词则用needn't。例如:
we must work hard, mustn't we?
我们必须努力工作,对吗?
all the students must learn english, needn't they?
所有的学生都应该学习英语,对吗?
如果前面句子的must表示一种“推测”,附加疑问句中既可用同一情态动词,还可用be, do或have的适当形式。例如:
so it must be all right, mustn't it?
那一定全对,不是吗?
what time is it? must be four o'clock, mustn't it? i'd got there by three.
几点钟了?一定是四点了,不是吗?我本来要在三点钟之前就赶到那儿的。
it must be twelve, isn't it?
一定12点了,是吗?
she must have been to new york, hasn't she?
她一定去过纽约了,是吗?
they must have succeeded in the experiment last week, didn't they?
他们上星期实验一定成功了,是吗?
g.当前面句子中有情态动词may或might时,附加疑问句的操作词仍可用may或might。例如:
i may come in, mayn't i?
我可以进来吗?
i may come and see her tomorrow, mayn't i?
我明天来看看她,可以吗?
it may have been in your mind, mayn't it?
它可能留在你的记忆中,是吗?
he might have heard from tom, mightn't he?
他可能收到了汤姆的信,对吗?
then he mightn't be there, might he?
他当时可能不在那儿,是吗?
国外有些学者对附加疑问句的操作词是否可用缩写否定形式mayn't和mightn't有着不同的看法。有人反对用mayn't,而主张用mightn't取而代之,有人甚至认为连mightn't也禁用。其实,以上一些例句均来自英美名家之笔。由此可见,mayn't和mightn't不但有人用于附加疑问句中,而且用得也很自然。甚至当might作想象性的用法,主语又是第二人称you时,附加疑问句的操作词还可用will来表示请求。例如:
you might get me the paper, will you?你给我把那篇论文拿回来吧,好吗?
you might ask james to bring the two-seater round about a quarter past two, will you?
你叫詹姆斯在两点一刻左右把那辆双座位汽车开来,好吗?
h.当前面句子中有have作为时态助动词时,附加疑问句的操作词仍应用have的适当形式。例如:
by 1980 they had finished building the friendship hotel, hadn't they?
截止到1980年底,他们才完成这座友谊宾馆的建造任务,不是吗?
she hasn't begun to write the novel, has she?
她还没有开始写那部小说,是吧?
如果前面句子中有半助动词 have to时,附加疑问句的操作词可用do或have的适当形式,前者较为常见。在口语中,可用have got to代替have to,这时附加疑问句的操作词只能用have的适当形式。例如:
we have to get up at four tomorrow, don't we?
明天早上我们要在四点钟起床,是吧?
you haven't to go out again, have you?
你不必再出去了,是吗?
he hasn't got to answer all the questions in the examination paper, has he?
他没有必要回答试卷里的所有问题,是吗?
如果动词have 被用作实义动词表示“拥有”具体实物时,其附加疑问句的操作词可用have 或do的适当形式。前者主要用于英国,后者则多用于美国。例如:
he has a radio, hasn't he?
他有一台收音机,是吗?(英国英语)
they had a beautiful house, didn't they?
他们曾有一栋漂亮的房子,不是吗?(美国英语)
若have用作实义动词,但表示的却是“拥有”具体实物以外的其他意义,其附加疑问句的操作词只能使用do的适当形式。例如:
he has breakfast at seven, doesn't he?
他是在7点钟吃早饭,是吧?
you had a comfortable journey, didn't you?你们进行了一次舒适的旅行,是吗?
下面两句尽管有“拥有”的含义,但由于宾语是非具体实物名词,所以,其附加疑问句的操作词仍然只能用do的适当形式。例如:
they have four classes in the morning, don't they?
他们上午上(有)四节课,是吗?
he has much time to read, doesn't he?
他有大量的时间读书,是吗?
c. 简单句的附加疑问句的肯定、否定式及其附加疑问句的谓语部分通常与前面句子的谓语相反,即前面句子的谓语用肯定式,其附加疑问句就用否定式;前面句子的谓语用否定式,附加疑问句就用肯定式。但在实际应用中,有一些现象却值得注意。
a.当前面句子带有hardly, scarcely, seldom等准否定词时,其附加疑问句应用肯定式。例如:
he never said such a thing, did he?
他从来没提过这件事,是吗?
it's scarcely dry, is it?
这还没有干,是吗?
当前面句子有复合不定代词nothing, nobody, no one等否定意义的词时,附加疑问句也要用肯定形式。例如:
he has nothing more to say, has he?
他再没有什么要讲的,是吗?
nobody came yesterday, did they?
昨天没人来,是吗?
b.当前面句子是第二人称祈使句时,其附加疑问句用肯定形式will(can/would) you或其否定形式won't(can't/wouldn't) you均可,但在语气上肯定式较为婉转。例如:
have a little more coffee, will you?
请再喝点咖啡吧。
come down quickly, can't you?
请快点下来吧。
stop that noise, won't you?
你们不要吵了,好吗?
在第二人称祈使句的否定句后,附加疑问句只能用肯定形式will you。例如:
don't be late, will you?
不要迟到了,好吗?
don't do that, will you?
不要那样做,好吗?
如果祈使句是以let's开头,其附加疑问句用shall we;如果以let开头,其附加疑问句则通常用will you,因为这种祈使句的意义不包括对方在内,这时let us实际上相当于allow us。例如:
let's go for a walk, shall we?
我们去散散步,好吗?
let us go, will you?
放我们走,好吗?
若是以let me开头的祈使句,附加疑问句可用will you或may i表示。例如:
let me help you, may i?
让我来帮助你,好吗?
let me have a try, will you?
让我试一试,行吗?
c.当前面句子是感叹句时,其附加疑问句只能用否定式,因为感叹句是没有否定形式的(参见10.17 c.e)。例如:
what beautiful weather, isn't it?
多么好的天气呀!
how time does fly, doesn't it?
时间过得多快呀!
how diligent the boy is, isn't he?
这小孩真够勤奋的。
what long words you use, don't you?
你用的单词真够长的呀!
d.有一类附加疑问句与其前面的简单句谓语形式相同,即两部分或者都是肯定的,或者都是否定的。这类附加疑问句往往带有感情色彩,一般不要求对方给予回答,所以有人称之为“修饰性疑问句”(参见10.14)。例如:
“i don't like the picture.”“oh, you don't, don't you?”
“我不喜欢这张照片。”“哦,不喜欢,是这样吗?”(表示怀疑)
“you'd better not come. you can't swim so far.”“so i can't swim so far, can't i?”
“你最好别过来,你游不了那么远。”“我游不了那么远,我真游不了吗?”(表示不服气)
有时为了表示强烈的感情色彩,在简单句的句首还可用oh dear。例如:
“your son has broken his leg.”“oh dear, he has, has he?”
“你儿子腿摔断了。”“哦,天哪!这是真的吗?”
这种结构的附加疑问句也可用来提问。其前面句子用来表示猜测,然后用疑问部分来问这一猜测是否正确。例如:
this is the last bus, is it?
这是最后一班公共汽车,是吧?
he likes the idea, does he?
他是赞成这个想法的,是吧?
e.在口语中,附加疑问句有时会插入or一词。这种情况发生在说话者在陈述完一个句子时,忽然又觉得对前述没有把握,开始发生怀疑。例如:
he is tom, or is he?
他就是汤姆,不会错吧?
he is lao wang, isn't he, or is he?
他是老王,是吧,嗳,他是老王吗?
they have told you the news, or have they?
他们已经把这个消息告诉你了,不错吧?
f.现在有些语法学者把附加疑问句的范围加以扩大,他们认为,只要是在一个句子(甚至是片语)后,附加了一个完整的句子(甚至是单词),以表示说话者要求对方证实他的看法,都有理由称为附加疑问句。我们认为,这种看法是符合附加疑问句的基本概念的。故此,以下的一些例子都可称为附加疑问句:
he is a nice man, don't you think?
他是一个好人,你认为是吗?
she's your daughter, am i right?
她是你的女儿,对吗?
he's not on duty now, do you suppose?
他现在不在值班,你猜猜看?
a good omen for poor english, eh?
这是贫穷的英国之吉兆,是吗?
those kids didn't waste much time, hey?
那些小鬼没有浪费多少时间,是吗?
it's a good film, what?
这是一部好电影,是不是?
john will go out, won't he?
约翰将出去,不是吗?
mary failed her exam, didn't she?
玛丽考试未及格,不是吗?
you are not better, are you?
你还没有恢复健康,是吗?
在实际应用中,一些人对附加疑问句的主语、操作词、肯定或否定形式的选用往往容易弄错。这里仅对在选用简单句(包括陈述句、祈使句、感叹句)的附加疑问句各种成分时容易产生错误的问题作一些归纳和分析。
a. 简单句的附加疑问句主语的选用
a.当前面句子是以引导词there引起的表示存在的句子时,附加疑问句的主语是重复there。例如:
there will be a meeting tomorrow, won't there?
明天有一个会议,是吗?
there is still some ink in the bottle, isn't there?
瓶里还有一些墨水吗?
b.当前面句子的主语是动词不定式、动名词或词组时,附加疑问句的主语必须用it。例如:
to adopt an attitude is to seek truth from facts, isn't it?
这种态度就是实事求是的态度,不是吗?
writing the book has taken up all his spare time, hasn't it?
写这本书占去了他所有的业余时间,是吗?
lifting weights will build arm and shoulder muscles, won't it?
举重可以锻炼臂部肌肉和肩部肌肉,对吗?
from wuhan to beijing is over 1,000 kilometres, isn't it?
从武汉到北京有1 000多公里,是吗?
c.当前面句子的主语是指示代词that, this; these或those时,附加疑问句的主语应分别用it或they。例如:
this isn't a fast train, is it?
这不是一辆快车,是吗?
that was a very pleasant trip, wasn't it?
那是一次很愉快的旅行,不是吗?
these are not story books, are they?
这些不是故事书,是吗?
当指示代词such用作前面句子的主语时,附加疑问句的主语得根据其概念而定,即可能是单数it,也可能是复数they。例如:
such is life, isn't it?
生活就是这样,不是吗?
such are available, aren't they?
这些东西可以弄到,不是吗?
d.当前面句子的主语是nobody, no one, none, everyone, everybody, somebody等复合不定代词时,附加疑问句的主语用he或they都可以。在现代英语中一般倾向于用they(这时,操作词也得用复数)。这是因为英语中没有一个既可指he又可指she的单数第三人称代词,而这些复合不定代词究竟表示男人还是女人是不明确的,不便一律都用he。例如:
everybody has got a ticket, haven't they?
每人都有一张票,是吗?
anyone can do that, can't they?
任何人都能做那件事,对吗?
everyone knows his job, doesn't he?
每个人都知道他的工作,不是吗?
当前面句子的主语是表物的复合不定代词everything, something, anything, nothing作主语时,其附加疑问句的主语只能用it。例如:
everything seems all right, doesn't it?
看来一切都很正常,对吗?
nothing is wrong, is it?
没有什么错的,是吗?
e.如果前面句子的主语为each of…结构,当强调“各自、各个”时,附加疑问句的主语用he;当强调“全体”而不着重“各自”时,则根据情况分别用they, we或you。其操作词的数也必须随附加疑问句的主语而变化。例如:
each of the successful candidates was presented with a certificate, wasn't he?
每个成功了的参赛者都分别得到了一张证书,是吗?
each of the students passed the examination, didn't they?
所有学生都通过了考试,是吗?
each of us have been there, haven't we?
我们所有人都去过那儿,不对吗?
f.当前面句子的主语是不定代词one时,附加疑问句的主语在正式场合用one,非正式场合用you,在美国英语中,非正式场合还可用he。例如:
one can't be too careful, can one?
人们越小心就越好,对吗?(正式场合)
one should do his duty, shouldn't he?
(一个)人应该履行自己的职责,对吗?(非正式场合)
最后一个句子的附加疑问句的主语只能用he,如果将前面句子中的物主代词分别改用one's或your,其附加疑问句的主语也该用one或you。试比较:
one should do one's duty, shouldn't one?(正式场合)
one should do your duty, shouldn't you?(非正式场合)
b. 附加疑问句操作词的选用
附加疑问句的操作词包括连系动词be、助动词be、do和情态动词。选用操作词时,除了以上提到的情况外,还要注意以下一些情况。
a.当前面句子中有had better和would rather时,附加疑问句的操作词应分别为had或would。例如:
you'd better go now, hadn't you?
你最好现在就走,可以吗?
you'd rather be there early, wouldn't you?
你宁可早点到达那儿,行吗?
如果前面句子的主语是we,附加疑问句的操作词还可用shall表示进一步征求对方意见。例如:
“well,” he said amiably,“perhaps we'd better see how it shakes down, shall we?”
“好吧,”他亲切地说,“我们还是看看那震动的情况怎样,好吗?”
b.如果前面句子中的谓语动词是wish,其附加疑问句的操作词常用may。例如:
i wish to call on you tonight, may i?
我想今晚来拜访你,行吗?
i wish to go home now, may i?
我现在可以回家了吗?
c.当前面句子的主语是i,动词是am时,在标准英语中英国人常用aren't i;美国人则习惯用ain't i。在很正式的书面语中,也有用am i not或am not i的,但较少见。英国人在非正式场合还用an't i 或a'n't i;苏格兰和爱尔兰的方言还有用amn't i的情况。例如:
i am interested in the story, aren't i?
我不是对这个故事很感兴趣吗?
excuse me, i'm rather careless, arn't i?
对不起,我太粗心了,是吗?
i am good enough, aren't i?
我够好了,不是吗?
oh dear, i am a dead loss, aren't i?
哎呀,我完全无能为力了!
d.当前面句子使用ought to时,尽管多数人认为附加疑问句的操作词该用should来代替ought,但在英美一些词典和教科书里,附加疑问句使用ought或oughtn't的例子也比比皆是。例如:
she ought to go by bus, oughtn't she?
她应当乘车去,不是吗?
such things ought not to be allowed, ought they?
这样的事情不应该得到许可,对吗?
he ought to be punished, oughtn't he?
他应当受到责备,不是吗?
everyone ought to brush his teeth regularly, oughtn't they?
人人都应当养成刷牙的习惯,对吗?
从我们所收集的语言材料来看,英国人用ought的多,美国人习惯用should。由此可见,学者们对此的意见之所以不一致,是英美两国的习惯不一致之故。因此,我们认为,ought和should都应该视为标准的英语,只是用should时语气较委婉,听起来也较自然些;而用ought时口气较庄重些罢了。
e.当前面句子带有used to时,附加疑问句的操作词用use(d)和did均可,但后者比较口语化。例如:
you used to play the flute, usedn't you?
你过去常常吹长笛,是吗?
you used to live in leeds, use(d)n't you/didn't you?
你过去总是住在利兹城,是吗?
有趣的是,在前面句子的used to后面用不定式be时,附加疑问句的操作词还可用be的过去时形式。例如:
she used to be a sort of friend of yours, was she not?
她过去是你的朋友,不是吗?
f.当前面句子中的must表示“必须”时,附加疑问句的操作词仍用must。如前面句子的must表示“有必要”时,附加疑问句的操作词则用needn't。例如:
we must work hard, mustn't we?
我们必须努力工作,对吗?
all the students must learn english, needn't they?
所有的学生都应该学习英语,对吗?
如果前面句子的must表示一种“推测”,附加疑问句中既可用同一情态动词,还可用be, do或have的适当形式。例如:
so it must be all right, mustn't it?
那一定全对,不是吗?
what time is it? must be four o'clock, mustn't it? i'd got there by three.
几点钟了?一定是四点了,不是吗?我本来要在三点钟之前就赶到那儿的。
it must be twelve, isn't it?
一定12点了,是吗?
she must have been to new york, hasn't she?
她一定去过纽约了,是吗?
they must have succeeded in the experiment last week, didn't they?
他们上星期实验一定成功了,是吗?
g.当前面句子中有情态动词may或might时,附加疑问句的操作词仍可用may或might。例如:
i may come in, mayn't i?
我可以进来吗?
i may come and see her tomorrow, mayn't i?
我明天来看看她,可以吗?
it may have been in your mind, mayn't it?
它可能留在你的记忆中,是吗?
he might have heard from tom, mightn't he?
他可能收到了汤姆的信,对吗?
then he mightn't be there, might he?
他当时可能不在那儿,是吗?
国外有些学者对附加疑问句的操作词是否可用缩写否定形式mayn't和mightn't有着不同的看法。有人反对用mayn't,而主张用mightn't取而代之,有人甚至认为连mightn't也禁用。其实,以上一些例句均来自英美名家之笔。由此可见,mayn't和mightn't不但有人用于附加疑问句中,而且用得也很自然。甚至当might作想象性的用法,主语又是第二人称you时,附加疑问句的操作词还可用will来表示请求。例如:
you might get me the paper, will you?你给我把那篇论文拿回来吧,好吗?
you might ask james to bring the two-seater round about a quarter past two, will you?
你叫詹姆斯在两点一刻左右把那辆双座位汽车开来,好吗?
h.当前面句子中有have作为时态助动词时,附加疑问句的操作词仍应用have的适当形式。例如:
by 1980 they had finished building the friendship hotel, hadn't they?
截止到1980年底,他们才完成这座友谊宾馆的建造任务,不是吗?
she hasn't begun to write the novel, has she?
她还没有开始写那部小说,是吧?
如果前面句子中有半助动词 have to时,附加疑问句的操作词可用do或have的适当形式,前者较为常见。在口语中,可用have got to代替have to,这时附加疑问句的操作词只能用have的适当形式。例如:
we have to get up at four tomorrow, don't we?
明天早上我们要在四点钟起床,是吧?
you haven't to go out again, have you?
你不必再出去了,是吗?
he hasn't got to answer all the questions in the examination paper, has he?
他没有必要回答试卷里的所有问题,是吗?
如果动词have 被用作实义动词表示“拥有”具体实物时,其附加疑问句的操作词可用have 或do的适当形式。前者主要用于英国,后者则多用于美国。例如:
he has a radio, hasn't he?
他有一台收音机,是吗?(英国英语)
they had a beautiful house, didn't they?
他们曾有一栋漂亮的房子,不是吗?(美国英语)
若have用作实义动词,但表示的却是“拥有”具体实物以外的其他意义,其附加疑问句的操作词只能使用do的适当形式。例如:
he has breakfast at seven, doesn't he?
他是在7点钟吃早饭,是吧?
you had a comfortable journey, didn't you?你们进行了一次舒适的旅行,是吗?
下面两句尽管有“拥有”的含义,但由于宾语是非具体实物名词,所以,其附加疑问句的操作词仍然只能用do的适当形式。例如:
they have four classes in the morning, don't they?
他们上午上(有)四节课,是吗?
he has much time to read, doesn't he?
他有大量的时间读书,是吗?
c. 简单句的附加疑问句的肯定、否定式及其附加疑问句的谓语部分通常与前面句子的谓语相反,即前面句子的谓语用肯定式,其附加疑问句就用否定式;前面句子的谓语用否定式,附加疑问句就用肯定式。但在实际应用中,有一些现象却值得注意。
a.当前面句子带有hardly, scarcely, seldom等准否定词时,其附加疑问句应用肯定式。例如:
he never said such a thing, did he?
他从来没提过这件事,是吗?
it's scarcely dry, is it?
这还没有干,是吗?
当前面句子有复合不定代词nothing, nobody, no one等否定意义的词时,附加疑问句也要用肯定形式。例如:
he has nothing more to say, has he?
他再没有什么要讲的,是吗?
nobody came yesterday, did they?
昨天没人来,是吗?
b.当前面句子是第二人称祈使句时,其附加疑问句用肯定形式will(can/would) you或其否定形式won't(can't/wouldn't) you均可,但在语气上肯定式较为婉转。例如:
have a little more coffee, will you?
请再喝点咖啡吧。
come down quickly, can't you?
请快点下来吧。
stop that noise, won't you?
你们不要吵了,好吗?
在第二人称祈使句的否定句后,附加疑问句只能用肯定形式will you。例如:
don't be late, will you?
不要迟到了,好吗?
don't do that, will you?
不要那样做,好吗?
如果祈使句是以let's开头,其附加疑问句用shall we;如果以let开头,其附加疑问句则通常用will you,因为这种祈使句的意义不包括对方在内,这时let us实际上相当于allow us。例如:
let's go for a walk, shall we?
我们去散散步,好吗?
let us go, will you?
放我们走,好吗?
若是以let me开头的祈使句,附加疑问句可用will you或may i表示。例如:
let me help you, may i?
让我来帮助你,好吗?
let me have a try, will you?
让我试一试,行吗?
c.当前面句子是感叹句时,其附加疑问句只能用否定式,因为感叹句是没有否定形式的(参见10.17 c.e)。例如:
what beautiful weather, isn't it?
多么好的天气呀!
how time does fly, doesn't it?
时间过得多快呀!
how diligent the boy is, isn't he?
这小孩真够勤奋的。
what long words you use, don't you?
你用的单词真够长的呀!
d.有一类附加疑问句与其前面的简单句谓语形式相同,即两部分或者都是肯定的,或者都是否定的。这类附加疑问句往往带有感情色彩,一般不要求对方给予回答,所以有人称之为“修饰性疑问句”(参见10.14)。例如:
“i don't like the picture.”“oh, you don't, don't you?”
“我不喜欢这张照片。”“哦,不喜欢,是这样吗?”(表示怀疑)
“you'd better not come. you can't swim so far.”“so i can't swim so far, can't i?”
“你最好别过来,你游不了那么远。”“我游不了那么远,我真游不了吗?”(表示不服气)
有时为了表示强烈的感情色彩,在简单句的句首还可用oh dear。例如:
“your son has broken his leg.”“oh dear, he has, has he?”
“你儿子腿摔断了。”“哦,天哪!这是真的吗?”
这种结构的附加疑问句也可用来提问。其前面句子用来表示猜测,然后用疑问部分来问这一猜测是否正确。例如:
this is the last bus, is it?
这是最后一班公共汽车,是吧?
he likes the idea, does he?
他是赞成这个想法的,是吧?
e.在口语中,附加疑问句有时会插入or一词。这种情况发生在说话者在陈述完一个句子时,忽然又觉得对前述没有把握,开始发生怀疑。例如:
he is tom, or is he?
他就是汤姆,不会错吧?
he is lao wang, isn't he, or is he?
他是老王,是吧,嗳,他是老王吗?
they have told you the news, or have they?
他们已经把这个消息告诉你了,不错吧?
f.现在有些语法学者把附加疑问句的范围加以扩大,他们认为,只要是在一个句子(甚至是片语)后,附加了一个完整的句子(甚至是单词),以表示说话者要求对方证实他的看法,都有理由称为附加疑问句。我们认为,这种看法是符合附加疑问句的基本概念的。故此,以下的一些例子都可称为附加疑问句:
he is a nice man, don't you think?
他是一个好人,你认为是吗?
she's your daughter, am i right?
她是你的女儿,对吗?
he's not on duty now, do you suppose?
他现在不在值班,你猜猜看?
a good omen for poor english, eh?
这是贫穷的英国之吉兆,是吗?
those kids didn't waste much time, hey?
那些小鬼没有浪费多少时间,是吗?
it's a good film, what?
这是一部好电影,是不是?
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