语法:宾语从句和定语从句_宾语从句定语从句
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—初三英语
定语从句和宾语从句
一、定语从句
在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的有关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that等和关系副词where, when, why等，关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成份。
1、由who 引导的定语从句中，who 用作主语，如 ： This is the boy who often helps me.
2、由whom 引导的定语从句中，whom 用作宾语，如：The man whom you are waiting for has gone home.
3、由whose 引导的定语从句中，whose 用作定语，如 ： Do you know the girl whose skirt is white?
4、由which 引导的定语从句中，which 用作主语或谓语动词的宾语或介词的宾语
如：The room in which there is a machine is a work shop.
The river which is in front of my house is very clean.
This is the pen which you want.
注意：(1)whom, which用作介词宾语时，介词可放在whom 、which 之前，也可放在从句原来的位置上；但在含有介词的动词固定词组中，介词只能放在原来的位置上。如：He is the very person whom we must take good care of.
(2)引导非限制性定语从句时，必须用关系代词which ，不用that, 如：I have lost my bag, which I like very much.
(3)关系代词在句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致。
5、由that 引导的定语从句中，that 可以指人或物，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语，但不能放在介词后面作介词宾语，如：The book that I bought yesterday was written by Lu Xun.
注意在下面几种情况下必须用 that 引导定语从句。
(1)先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等，
如 ：All that we have to do is to practice English.
(2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，如：The first letter that I got from him will be kept.
(3)先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修饰，如：I"ve eaten up all the food that you gave me.
(4)先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时，如：He is the only person that I want to talk with.
(5)先行词既有人又有物时，如：They talked about persons and things that they met.
(6)当句中已有who/which重复，如：Who is the man that is giving us the class?
6、由when, where, why引导的定语从句，如：I don"t know the reason why he was late.
This is the place where we have lived for 5 years.
I"ll never forget the day when I met Mr. Li for the first time.
注意：先行词是表示地点时，如果从句的谓语动词是及物的，就用 that(which)，如果从句的谓语动词是不及物的，就用where 引导。This is the house Which /that he has lived in for 15 years.(Where he has lived for 15 year.)
二、宾语从句
1、Whether 不能换为if 的情况。
He asked me whether or not I was thirsty. （该句中的whether 不能换成if ，因为if 不能与or 连用。）
2、语序例外的特例
What"s the matter ? 作为宾语从句时有两种前况。当它的解释是“怎么了？”时，语序不要变化。当它的解释是 “ 这是什么物质？”时，要变为陈述句语序。如： The teacher asked the students what the matter was.
The teacher asked the students what was the matter ?
3、宾语从句否定意义的转移。 在think , believe , suppose, imagine等动词所跟的宾语中，如果从句谓语是否定的，一般要将否定词not 转移至主句谓语上去，而将从句谓语改为肯定形式。如：
4、关于反意疑问句。在由宾语从句作为陈述部分的反意疑问句中，其疑问部分的构成方法是：“结构看从句，肯定否定看主句” 如： He thought it was late , wasn"t it ?
5、宾语从句和状语从句的分辩。if 引导的宾语从句或状语从句， when 引导的宾语从句或状语从句
历年中考题
—初三英语
40. The boy _____ lost his backpack has to borrow books from his teachers.（06厦门）
A. who B. whose C. which
45. The blouse________ is made of silk is very expensive. I can"t afford it. (05厦门）
A. that B. what C. because
38. – Alice, Rita called you just now when you were out. – Did she say when ______ me again, Dad?（07厦门）
A. she will call B. would she call C. she would call
39. ---Where will we meet? ---Sorry? ---I asked _____meet.（06厦门）
A. where we would B. when we would C. where will we
43. — Do you know________ I could pass the exam?— Sorry, I have no idea. （05厦门）
A. that B. whether C. what D. which
44. — Could you tell me________?— She came here on foot.（05厦门）
A. where Kate came from B. when Kate came here
C. how Kate came here D. why Kate didn"t come here
45. —Do you know_________?—He is a driver. （04厦门）
A. who is he B. who he is C. what is he D. what he is
练习
一、试试你的判断力，选择正确的答案。
1. I"ll never forget the days _____I stayed with you.
A. when B. in which C. that D. for which
2. The book______ is sold out at the moment.
A. you need B. what you need C. which you need it D. that you need it
3. Is this the place ______Lincoln once lived.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
4. Is this the museum ______ they visited last month?
A. what B. where C. which D. the one
5. The man ______ coat is black is waiting at the gate.
A. who"s B. whose C. that D. of which
6. The young man ____ is an engineer of my factory.
A. that you just talked B. whom you just talked to C. which you just talked D. who you just talked
7. —I don"t know _____ Mr. Green will come to see us. —He will help us with our English.
A. why B. when C. how D. where
8. —We never know _____ the old man is. —They say he is a teacher.
A. what B. who C. which D. where
9. 一? －Sorry, I don’ t know.
A. how many people have been here B. when is the meeting
C. why did they decide to do it. D.how is it
10. －What did your PE teacher say about your high jump at the sports meeting?
一better.
A. can do B. am C. could do D.will do
?
A if it will be fine tomorrow B. where did they see her
C. which would you like D.what are they
12. She asked me _____ he could dance or sing.
A. if B. what C. whether D.How
tomorrow.
A. will be held B. is held C. will hold D.was hold
—初三英语
in the future? A special mirror（镜子）invented by the French s scientists can help you.
A. what you will look like B. how you look like
C. how do you look like D.what will you look like
二，读书破万卷
A ．Iraq War(05厦门)
The United States and Great Britain took the war on Iraq (伊拉克)in late March,2003. Over twenty days later,
American soldiers were in Baghdad, the capital of Iraq. They ended the government (政府)of Saddam. Thousands of Iraqi people died in the war. Saddam (萨达姆) , their president, 15 now in American\"s hands, waiting for his last days to come. In some parts of the city there was no light because of the war. Some oil wells were set on fire. Now the Iraqi people need food, water and medicine. Many soldiers and people who were hurt in the war need hospital care. People also need a way to find their family members.
After the war, some Iraqi people poke into Saddam\"s palace, government buildings, and stores. They stole many
things from Iraqi Museums. Others were angry that the U.S. soldiers didn\"t stop the robbers.
The reason for American soldiers taking the war is that they are looking for weapons of mass destruction(大规模杀
伤性武器). But by June, they hadn\"t found any at all.
1. Baghdad is the________of Iraq.
A. president B. soldier C. capital D. government
2. American soldiers took the war on Iraq for________,
A. catching the president of Iraq B. robbing many things from Iraq
C. setting the oil wells on fire D. looking for weapons of mass destruction
3. It is said that Saddam_____
A. has been caught B. lives well in the U. S C. has been set free D. has run away
4. After the war, ________poke into Saddam\"s palace.
A. the U. S. soldiers B. Great Britain soldiers C. some Iraqi people D. foreign tourists
5. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. The Iraqi people had enough food, water and medicine after the war.
B. A lot of Iraqi people lost their lives and family members in the war.
C. The U. S. soldiers tried to stop some Iraqi people from robbing any more.
D. The United States and Great Britain fought for a good reason in Iraq.
B ．Chicago on a Budget（05厦门）
How to have fun in Chicago without spending a lot of money?
Sightseeing
●The Art Institute of Chicago has a fine collection of photos and paintings. The ticket is $ 10. 00, but go on
Tuesdays and you\"ll get in free(免费).●The Sears Tower is the world\"s third tallest building. By going to the 103rd floor, you can get a great view of the whole city! All for only $ 8. 50.Free show● There are free concerts in Grant Park in summer.They are held Wednesday through Saturday nights at 7" 30 p. m.
●Attend the taping of a TV show for free. The Oprah Winfrey Show and The Jenny Jones Show both offer tourists
free tickets. For The Oprah Winfrey Show you\"ll have to book tickets at least a month before.
Places to stay
You can get a hotel for $ 100 to $ 300 a day. However, you can get a room in the dormitory (宿舍)at Roosevelt
University for $ 215 for a whole week! But you have to stay for 30 days to get this great rate (优惠).
6. This passage is written for telling us_____
A. Chicago is a big and beautiful city B. where we can see fine photos and paintings
C. how to make a cheap trip in Chicago D. there are many free concerts in Chicago
7. It will cost you________if you visit the Art Institute instead of the Sears Tower on Sundays.
—初三英语
A. more B. less C. the same D. none
8. You may go to________if you like to get a great view of the whole city.
A. the Art Institute B. the Sears Tower C. Roosevelt University D. Grant Park
9. You have to spend at least________in all to stay in a dormitory room at Roosevelt University at a good rate.
A. $ 100 B. $ 300 C. $ 215 D. $ 860
10. According to this passage, which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
A. You are free to go to the Art Institute on Tuesdays.
B. Free Grant Park concerts are held four nights a week in summer.
C: The Sears Tower is the world\"s third tallest building.
D. You can get tickets to The Oprah Winfrey Show as soon as you arrive.
C (03厦门)
People usually talk about two groups of colours : warm colours and cool colours. Scientists think that there are also
two kinds of people: people who prefer warm colours and people who prefer cool colours. The warm colours are red, orange and yellow. Where there are warm colours and a lot of lights, people usually want to be active. People think that red, for example, is exciting. Sociable people, those who like to be with others, like red.
The cool colours are green, blue and violet. These colours, unlike warm colours, are relaxing. Where there are cool
colours, people are usually quiet. People who like to spend time alone often prefer blue. Red may be exciting, but one scientist says that time seems to pass more slowly in a room with warm colours than in. a room with cool colours. He says that a warm colour, such as red or orange, is good colour for a living room or restaurant. People who are resting or eating do not want time to pass quickly. Cool colours are better for offices or factories if the people who are working there, want time to pass quickly.
11. According to this passage, people who don"t like to be with others.
A. like orange colour B. like blue colour C. prefer warm colour D. are usually active
12. The underlined word " sociable people" means ________in Chinese.
A ．城市居民 B. 社会学家 C ．喜欢运动的人 D ．好交际的人
13. Which of the following is TRUE according to this passage?
A. Scientists like warm colours better than cool colours.
B. Time seems to pass more quickly in a room with red . than with violet.
C. Time passes more slowly where there are cool colours.
D. We"d better colour a living room or restaurant in warm colours.
14. Why are offices and factories often coloured in cool colours according to the scientist?
A. Because these colours can make time pass more quickly.
B. Because these colours can make people excited.
C. Because everybody likes white colour.
D. Because working people can be more active.
15. The best title (标题) of this passage should be .
A. Warm Colours and Cool Colours B. People and Colours
C. Sociable People Like Warm Colours D. Places and Colours
定语从句和宾语从句
一、定语从句
在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的有关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that等和关系副词where, when, why等，关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成份。
1、由who 引导的定语从句中，who 用作主语，如 ： This is the boy who often helps me.
2、由whom 引导的定语从句中，whom 用作宾语，如：The man whom you are waiting for has gone home.
3、由whose 引导的定语从句中，whose 用作定语，如 ： Do you know the girl whose skirt is white?
4、由which 引导的定语从句中，which 用作主语或谓语动词的宾语或介词的宾语
如：The room in which there is a machine is a work shop.
The river which is in front of my house is very clean.
This is the pen which you want.
注意：(1)whom, which用作介词宾语时，介词可放在whom 、which 之前，也可放在从句原来的位置上；但在含有介词的动词固定词组中，介词只能放在原来的位置上。如：He is the very person whom we must take good care of.
(2)引导非限制性定语从句时，必须用关系代词which ，不用that, 如：I have lost my bag, which I like very much.
(3)关系代词在句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致。
5、由that 引导的定语从句中，that 可以指人或物，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语，但不能放在介词后面作介词宾语，如：The book that I bought yesterday was written by Lu Xun.
注意在下面几种情况下必须用 that 引导定语从句。
(1)先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等，
如 ：All that we have to do is to practice English.
(2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，如：The first letter that I got from him will be kept.
(3)先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修饰，如：I"ve eaten up all the food that you gave me.
(4)先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时，如：He is the only person that I want to talk with.
(5)先行词既有人又有物时，如：They talked about persons and things that they met.
(6)当句中已有who/which重复，如：Who is the man that is giving us the class?
6、由when, where, why引导的定语从句，如：I don"t know the reason why he was late.
This is the place where we have lived for 5 years.
I"ll never forget the day when I met Mr. Li for the first time.
注意：先行词是表示地点时，如果从句的谓语动词是及物的，就用 that(which)，如果从句的谓语动词是不及物的，就用where 引导。This is the house Which /that he has lived in for 15 years.(Where he has lived for 15 year.)
二、宾语从句
1、Whether 不能换为if 的情况。
He asked me whether or not I was thirsty. （该句中的whether 不能换成if ，因为if 不能与or 连用。）
2、语序例外的特例
What"s the matter ? 作为宾语从句时有两种前况。当它的解释是“怎么了？”时，语序不要变化。当它的解释是 “ 这是什么物质？”时，要变为陈述句语序。如： The teacher asked the students what the matter was.
The teacher asked the students what was the matter ?
3、宾语从句否定意义的转移。 在think , believe , suppose, imagine等动词所跟的宾语中，如果从句谓语是否定的，一般要将否定词not 转移至主句谓语上去，而将从句谓语改为肯定形式。如：
4、关于反意疑问句。在由宾语从句作为陈述部分的反意疑问句中，其疑问部分的构成方法是：“结构看从句，肯定否定看主句” 如： He thought it was late , wasn"t it ?
5、宾语从句和状语从句的分辩。if 引导的宾语从句或状语从句， when 引导的宾语从句或状语从句
历年中考题
—初三英语
40. The boy _____ lost his backpack has to borrow books from his teachers.（06厦门）
A. who B. whose C. which
45. The blouse________ is made of silk is very expensive. I can"t afford it. (05厦门）
A. that B. what C. because
38. – Alice, Rita called you just now when you were out. – Did she say when ______ me again, Dad?（07厦门）
A. she will call B. would she call C. she would call
39. ---Where will we meet? ---Sorry? ---I asked _____meet.（06厦门）
A. where we would B. when we would C. where will we
43. — Do you know________ I could pass the exam?— Sorry, I have no idea. （05厦门）
A. that B. whether C. what D. which
44. — Could you tell me________?— She came here on foot.（05厦门）
A. where Kate came from B. when Kate came here
C. how Kate came here D. why Kate didn"t come here
45. —Do you know_________?—He is a driver. （04厦门）
A. who is he B. who he is C. what is he D. what he is
练习
一、试试你的判断力，选择正确的答案。
1. I"ll never forget the days _____I stayed with you.
A. when B. in which C. that D. for which
2. The book______ is sold out at the moment.
A. you need B. what you need C. which you need it D. that you need it
3. Is this the place ______Lincoln once lived.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
4. Is this the museum ______ they visited last month?
A. what B. where C. which D. the one
5. The man ______ coat is black is waiting at the gate.
A. who"s B. whose C. that D. of which
6. The young man ____ is an engineer of my factory.
A. that you just talked B. whom you just talked to C. which you just talked D. who you just talked
7. —I don"t know _____ Mr. Green will come to see us. —He will help us with our English.
A. why B. when C. how D. where
8. —We never know _____ the old man is. —They say he is a teacher.
A. what B. who C. which D. where
9. 一? －Sorry, I don’ t know.
A. how many people have been here B. when is the meeting
C. why did they decide to do it. D.how is it
10. －What did your PE teacher say about your high jump at the sports meeting?
一better.
A. can do B. am C. could do D.will do
?
A if it will be fine tomorrow B. where did they see her
C. which would you like D.what are they
12. She asked me _____ he could dance or sing.
A. if B. what C. whether D.How
tomorrow.
A. will be held B. is held C. will hold D.was hold
—初三英语
in the future? A special mirror（镜子）invented by the French s scientists can help you.
A. what you will look like B. how you look like
C. how do you look like D.what will you look like
二，读书破万卷
A ．Iraq War(05厦门)
The United States and Great Britain took the war on Iraq (伊拉克)in late March,2003. Over twenty days later,
American soldiers were in Baghdad, the capital of Iraq. They ended the government (政府)of Saddam. Thousands of Iraqi people died in the war. Saddam (萨达姆) , their president, 15 now in American\"s hands, waiting for his last days to come. In some parts of the city there was no light because of the war. Some oil wells were set on fire. Now the Iraqi people need food, water and medicine. Many soldiers and people who were hurt in the war need hospital care. People also need a way to find their family members.
After the war, some Iraqi people poke into Saddam\"s palace, government buildings, and stores. They stole many
things from Iraqi Museums. Others were angry that the U.S. soldiers didn\"t stop the robbers.
The reason for American soldiers taking the war is that they are looking for weapons of mass destruction(大规模杀
伤性武器). But by June, they hadn\"t found any at all.
1. Baghdad is the________of Iraq.
A. president B. soldier C. capital D. government
2. American soldiers took the war on Iraq for________,
A. catching the president of Iraq B. robbing many things from Iraq
C. setting the oil wells on fire D. looking for weapons of mass destruction
3. It is said that Saddam_____
A. has been caught B. lives well in the U. S C. has been set free D. has run away
4. After the war, ________poke into Saddam\"s palace.
A. the U. S. soldiers B. Great Britain soldiers C. some Iraqi people D. foreign tourists
5. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. The Iraqi people had enough food, water and medicine after the war.
B. A lot of Iraqi people lost their lives and family members in the war.
C. The U. S. soldiers tried to stop some Iraqi people from robbing any more.
D. The United States and Great Britain fought for a good reason in Iraq.
B ．Chicago on a Budget（05厦门）
How to have fun in Chicago without spending a lot of money?
Sightseeing
●The Art Institute of Chicago has a fine collection of photos and paintings. The ticket is $ 10. 00, but go on
Tuesdays and you\"ll get in free(免费).●The Sears Tower is the world\"s third tallest building. By going to the 103rd floor, you can get a great view of the whole city! All for only $ 8. 50.Free show● There are free concerts in Grant Park in summer.They are held Wednesday through Saturday nights at 7" 30 p. m.
●Attend the taping of a TV show for free. The Oprah Winfrey Show and The Jenny Jones Show both offer tourists
free tickets. For The Oprah Winfrey Show you\"ll have to book tickets at least a month before.
Places to stay
You can get a hotel for $ 100 to $ 300 a day. However, you can get a room in the dormitory (宿舍)at Roosevelt
University for $ 215 for a whole week! But you have to stay for 30 days to get this great rate (优惠).
6. This passage is written for telling us_____
A. Chicago is a big and beautiful city B. where we can see fine photos and paintings
C. how to make a cheap trip in Chicago D. there are many free concerts in Chicago
7. It will cost you________if you visit the Art Institute instead of the Sears Tower on Sundays.
—初三英语
A. more B. less C. the same D. none
8. You may go to________if you like to get a great view of the whole city.
A. the Art Institute B. the Sears Tower C. Roosevelt University D. Grant Park
9. You have to spend at least________in all to stay in a dormitory room at Roosevelt University at a good rate.
A. $ 100 B. $ 300 C. $ 215 D. $ 860
10. According to this passage, which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
A. You are free to go to the Art Institute on Tuesdays.
B. Free Grant Park concerts are held four nights a week in summer.
C: The Sears Tower is the world\"s third tallest building.
D. You can get tickets to The Oprah Winfrey Show as soon as you arrive.
C (03厦门)
People usually talk about two groups of colours : warm colours and cool colours. Scientists think that there are also
two kinds of people: people who prefer warm colours and people who prefer cool colours. The warm colours are red, orange and yellow. Where there are warm colours and a lot of lights, people usually want to be active. People think that red, for example, is exciting. Sociable people, those who like to be with others, like red.
The cool colours are green, blue and violet. These colours, unlike warm colours, are relaxing. Where there are cool
colours, people are usually quiet. People who like to spend time alone often prefer blue. Red may be exciting, but one scientist says that time seems to pass more slowly in a room with warm colours than in. a room with cool colours. He says that a warm colour, such as red or orange, is good colour for a living room or restaurant. People who are resting or eating do not want time to pass quickly. Cool colours are better for offices or factories if the people who are working there, want time to pass quickly.
11. According to this passage, people who don"t like to be with others.
A. like orange colour B. like blue colour C. prefer warm colour D. are usually active
12. The underlined word " sociable people" means ________in Chinese.
A ．城市居民 B. 社会学家 C ．喜欢运动的人 D ．好交际的人
13. Which of the following is TRUE according to this passage?
A. Scientists like warm colours better than cool colours.
B. Time seems to pass more quickly in a room with red . than with violet.
C. Time passes more slowly where there are cool colours.
D. We"d better colour a living room or restaurant in warm colours.
14. Why are offices and factories often coloured in cool colours according to the scientist?
A. Because these colours can make time pass more quickly.
B. Because these colours can make people excited.
C. Because everybody likes white colour.
D. Because working people can be more active.
15. The best title (标题) of this passage should be .
A. Warm Colours and Cool Colours B. People and Colours
C. Sociable People Like Warm Colours D. Places and Colours
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