too?to句型详解
一、基本结构特点
too…to…结构的基本形式为“too+形容词或副词+
to+动词原形”,其意为“太……以至于不能……”。如:
He is too shy to speak to her.
他太害羞,不敢同她讲话。
It's too cheap to be good.
这东西太便宜,好不了(即便宜无好货)。
二、不定式的逻辑主语
有时不定式前可以带有一个由介词for引出的逻辑主语。如:
It's too expensive for her to buy.
太贵了,她买不起。
The box is too heavy for the boy to carry.
这个箱子太重,这男孩提不起。
三、不定式是否带宾语
在通常情况下,too…to…结构中的不定式可根据其是否及物来确定它是否带宾语。如:
He is too tired to go any further.
他太累了,不能再往前走了。(不定式to go不及物,无需带宾语)
She is too poor to buy such a nice a dress.
她太穷,买不起那件漂亮的连衣裙。(不定式to buy后带有宾语 such a nice a dress)
但是,若句子主语与其后不定式有动宾关系,那么,其后的及物动词不定式不能带宾语。如:
The nice dress is too expensive for her to buy. 这件漂亮的连衣裙太贵了,她买不起。(to buy在此虽为及物动词,但由于句子主语the nice dress与该不定式to buy有动宾关系,故to buy后不宜再接代词it作宾语)
注意:若句子主语与其后不定式有动宾关系,且其中的动词为不及物动词,此时应注意在其后加适当的介词。如:
The room is too dirty to live in.
这房间太脏,不能住。(句末的介词in不可省略)
四、不定式是否用被动语态
上面讲到,若句子主语与其后不定式有动宾关系,其后作为及物动词的不定式不再带宾语。此时还需注意,该不定式通常也不用被动式,尽管意义上是被动的。如:
The text is too difficult to understand.
这课文太难了,理解不了。
但在某些特殊的语境,其中的不定式必须要用被动式。如:
He spoke in a voice too low to be heard.
他说话的声音太低,听不见。
五、与so [such]…that结构的转换
1. The box is too heavy for me to carry.
→The box is so heavy that I can’t carry it.
→It is such a heavy box that I can’t carry it.
2. The child is too young to dress himself.
→The child is so young that he can’t dress himself.
→He is such a young child that he can’t dress himself.
注:有时还可与 not…enough to…转换,但此时要注意把原句型中的形容词改为相对应的反义词。如:
The child is too young to dress himself.
→The child is not old enough to dress himself.
六、too…to…有时可表示肯定意义
在以下几种情况,too…to…结构可以表示肯定意义,而不是否定意义:
1. 当不定式前有否定词修饰时。比较:
He is too foolish to understand this.
他太蠢,不会明白这一点。
2. 当副词too的前面有否定词修饰时。如:
Never too old to learn. 活到老学到老。(直译:永远不会太老而不能学习)
3. 当副词too后面修饰的形容词是glad, ready, pleased等表示“积极”意义的词汇时。如:
I’m too glad to see you again.
又见到你我很高兴。