Question

To explain what they have seen，they build a theory about the way in which things happen and the ca

To explain what they have seen，they build a theory about the way in which things happen and the causes and effects. 帮我分析一下这句话。结构等。
but if ,like Hawing ,they are studing soming that is too large or too difficult to observe directly,they will use a model to test the theory. 这句也帮忙分析一下 急用 谢谢了。

Answer 1

[To explain what they have seen](1)，they build a theory (about the way 【in which things happen】(2) and 【the causes and effects. 】(3))
【主句】they build a theory
其中：
前面(1)目的状语，其中what they have seen是名词从句，做explain的宾语。
后面build a theory，theory的修饰成分为about……而且about了两种东西，一是the way,二是 "causes & effects"
(2)定语从句修饰the way 即：things happen in the way
(3)the causes and effects. 是一个整体，意思是“原因和结果”或“起因和影响”
[为了解释他们所看到的]，他们建立了一套理论(关于方式[事情发生的方式]和[原因和结果])

【翻译】为了解释他们看到的东西,他们创立了一种理论——它解释了现象如何产生、产生的原因及其影响。

but if [,like Hawing ,](1)they are studing soming (that is too large or too difficult to observe directly)(2),they will use a model [to test the theory](3).
【主要结构】 [but if they are studying something (从句)]，they will use……
(1)插入语 注释的作用，说例如hawing
(2)that定语从句，修饰something，结构为 too ... to 太大太难以至于不能直接观测到
(3)目的状语
整个句子前半句 If 从句，为条件状语，如果……后半句为主句
【翻译】
但是如果和霍金的情况一样,研究的东西太广或太难以至于不能直接进行观测,他们就会用模型来检验理论。

Answer 2

they build a theory 主谓宾，To explain what they have seen目的状语，about the way and the causes and effects介宾短语修饰theory，in which things happen定语从句修饰the way

like Hawing 插入语，but if they are studing soming that is too large or too difficult to observe directly条件状语从句 ,they主语， will use谓语，a model宾语，to test the theory动词不定式做目的状语