Question

求高手翻译 不要什么翻译器翻译的 急急急 在线等

随着社会的进步,现代汽车工业快速发展,在为人类提供方便、舒适、快捷的交通工具的同时,也产生了严重的负面影响,即环境污染。控制汽车尾气排放,改善城市大气环境质量,已成为刻不容缓的城市问题之一。本文从分析外部性出发,在对汽车使用过程中产生的负外部性探讨的同时,提出相应对策
一、汽车污染的负外部性分析

(一)汽车污染的负外部性。

经济学认为,当个人或企业的福利要依赖于其他人的行为,而这些“其他人”在他们的决策过程中又不会考虑这种相互影响的关系时,“外部性”就出现了。 汽车的使用正符合这种特征。作为现代交通工具的汽车,由于社会机制和技术等方面的原因,在使用过程中常常会对环境和交通系统本身产生过度的冲击,形成明显的负外部性,即汽车使用的外部成本。

根据汽车外部成本的影响对象,可将其分为两大类:一是指以使用者为影响对象的外部成本,如交通拥挤。二是指以非使用者为主要影响对象的外部成本,主要包括交通污染和交通噪声。在汽车产生的负外部效应中,第二类对社会所造成的危害更为显著,这种外部效应存在面广,影响范围宽。本文讨论的汽车外部性,主要是指第二类外部成本,即汽车使用所引起的环境污染。

随着我国经济的快速发展,人们的收入水平不断增加,能够购买私家车的人越来越多,城市汽车的保有量迅速增加。由于城市中以前建设的道路较窄,又来不及扩展,造成城市交通拥堵现象加剧,等车时间增加,怠速时间延长,造成燃油的无谓消耗;同时,尾气排放也剧增,致使城市空气污染严重,城市居民的健康受到影响。
是翻译成英文哦

Answer 1

随着社会的进步,现代汽车工业快速发展,在为人类提供方便、舒适、快捷的交通工具的同时,也产生了严重的负面影响,即环境污染。控制汽车尾气排放,改善城市大气环境质量,已成为刻不容缓的城市问题之一。本文从分析外部性出发,在对汽车使用过程中产生的负外部性探讨的同时,提出相应对策

Along with the progress of the society, the modern automobile industry in rapid development, provide mankind convenient, comfortable, rapid communication tools, meanwhile it also produces serious negative effect, namely environmental pollution. To control the automobile exhaust emission, improve the urban atmospheric environment quality, has become the urgent city one problem. This paper, based on the analysis of externality of automobile use produces in the process of negative externality discussed at the same time, puts forward the corresponding countermeasures

一、汽车污染的负外部性分析

A, automobile pollution externality analysis

(一)汽车污染的负外部性。

(a) auto pollution externality.

经济学认为,当个人或企业的福利要依赖于其他人的行为,而这些“其他人”在他们的决策过程中又不会考虑这种相互影响的关系时,“外部性”就出现了。 汽车的使用正符合这种特征。作为现代交通工具的汽车,由于社会机制和技术等方面的原因,在使用过程中常常会对环境和交通系统本身产生过度的冲击,形成明显的负外部性,即汽车使用的外部成本。

Economics considers when individual or enterprise welfare depends on other people's behaviors, and these "other people" in their decision-making process and won't consider this interaction relationships, "externalities" appear. Car usage is conforming to this feature. As a modern traffic tool car, because of the social mechanism and technology and other reasons, in use process middling often on the environment and the traffic system itself produces excessive shock, forming the obvious negative externality, namely the automobile use external costs.

根据汽车外部成本的影响对象,可将其分为两大类:一是指以使用者为影响对象的外部成本,如交通拥挤。二是指以非使用者为主要影响对象的外部成本,主要包括交通污染和交通噪声。在汽车产生的负外部效应中,第二类对社会所造成的危害更为显著,这种外部效应存在面广,影响范围宽。本文讨论的汽车外部性,主要是指第二类外部成本,即汽车使用所引起的环境污染。

Based on the external the influence of cost object, it can he divided into two categories: a refers to the user for influence object exterior cost, such as traffic congestion. 2 refers to the user as the main influence object exterior cost, mainly including traffic pollution and traffic noise. In car produce negative external effects, and the second category of society the harm caused by the more remarkable, the outside effect exists side wide wide range, influence. This paper discusses the car externality, is mainly refers to the second exterior cost, namely the automobile use caused by the pollution of the environment.

随着我国经济的快速发展,人们的收入水平不断增加,能够购买私家车的人越来越多,城市汽车的保有量迅速增加。由于城市中以前建设的道路较窄,又来不及扩展,造成城市交通拥堵现象加剧,等车时间增加,怠速时间延长,造成燃油的无谓消耗;同时,尾气排放也剧增,致使城市空气污染严重,城市居民的健康受到影响。

With the rapid development of our economy, people's income level increases unceasingly, can purchase of private cars and more people, city car quantities increases rapidly. Due to the construction of city road before, and too narrow, causing urban traffic congestion extended phenomenon aggravating, etc. Car time increases, idle prolonged, fuel consumption caused by the senseless, Meanwhile, exhaust emission also soared, cause serious air pollution in cities, city residents' health affected.

Answer 2

With the progress of society, and rapid development of modern automotive industry, provide humans with a convenient, comfortable and efficient mode of transport at the same time, has had a serious negative impact, the environmental pollution. Control of exhaust emissions, improve urban air quality, has become one of the urgent urban problems. This proceeding from the analysis of externalities, car use negative externalities arising in the course of discussion at the same time, propose appropriate measures
Analysis of negative externalities, automobile pollution

(A) the negative externalities of automobile pollution.

Economics view, when the welfare of the individual or business to be dependent on other people's behavior, but these "others" in their decision making process without considering the effect of this mutual relationship, an "externality" appeared. Automobile use is in line with this feature. As a modern transport vehicle, because of the social mechanisms and technical reasons, often using excessive impact on the environment and transport the system itself, a striking negative externalities, and that the external costs of cars used.

According to automotive external cost object, it can be divided into two categories: one refers to the user for objects of external costs, such as heavy traffic. II refers to the influence of non-users as the main object of the external costs, including transport of pollution and traffic noise. Cars produce negative external effects, the second type of harm to society caused by the more prominent, such externalities exist a wider influence wide. This article discusses the automobile externalities, mainly refers to the external costs of the second kind, that is, automobile environmental pollution arising from the use.

As China's rapid economic development, people's incomes growing, more and more people to buy cars, urban car ownership is increasing rapidly. Due to the city until the construction of the road is narrow, and too late to extend, resulting in the phenomenon of urban traffic congestion and waiting time increases, prolonged idling, resulting in unnecessary consumption of fuel and emissions soaring, leading to severe urban air pollution, health of urban residents were affected.

Answer 3

Along with the progress of the society, the modern automobile industry in rapid development, provide mankind convenient, comfortable, rapid communication tools, meanwhile it also produces serious negative effect, namely environmental pollution. To control the automobile exhaust emission, improve the urban atmospheric environment quality, has become the urgent city one problem. This paper, based on the analysis of externality of automobile use produces in the process of negative externality discussed at the same time, puts forward the corresponding countermeasures A, automobile pollution externality analysis (a) auto pollution externality. Economics considers when individual or enterprise welfare depends on other people's behaviors, and these "other people" in their decision-making process and won't consider this interaction relationships, "externalities" appear. Car usage is conforming to this feature. As a modern traffic tool car, because of the social mechanism and technology and other reasons, in use process middling often on the environment and the traffic system itself produces excessive shock, forming the obvious negative externality, namely the automobile use external costs. Based on the external the influence of cost object, it can he divided into two categories: a refers to the user for influence object exterior cost, such as traffic congestion. 2 refers to the user as the main influence object exterior cost, mainly including traffic pollution and traffic noise. In car produce negative external effects, and the second category of society the harm caused by the more remarkable, the outside effect exists side wide wide range, influence. This paper discusses the car externality, is mainly refers to the second exterior cost, namely the automobile use caused by the pollution of the environment. With the rapid development of our economy, people's income level increases unceasingly, can purchase of private cars and more people, city car quantities increases rapidly. Due to the construction of city road before, and too narrow, causing urban traffic congestion extended phenomenon aggravating, etc. Car time increases, idle prolonged, fuel consumption caused by the senseless, Meanwhile, exhaust emission also soared, cause serious air pollution in cities, city residents' health affected.

Answer 4

As society advances, the rapid development of the modern automobile industry, for human convenience, comfort, and efficient transportation, but also had a serious negative impact that the environmental pollution. Control vehicle exhaust emissions, improve air quality in cities has become one of the city without delay. Starting from the analysis of this externality, in the use of vehicles produced in the process of negative externalities, while proposed countermeasures
First, the vehicle's negative externalities of pollution

(A) vehicle pollution, negative externalities.

Economics, when the welfare of individuals and businesses rely on other people's behavior, and these "others" in their decision-making process and would not consider such a relationship of mutual influence, "external" to appear. The use of cars is in line with this feature. As a modern transport vehicles, due to social mechanisms and technical and other reasons, often in the course of the environment and transport system itself will produce excessive impact, the formation of significant negative externalities, that is, the external costs of automobile use.

According to the external costs of car objects, can be divided into two categories: one refers to the user targeted for external costs, such as traffic congestion. The second refers to the impact of non-users as the main object of the external costs, including traffic pollution and traffic noise. In the negative external effects produced car, the second type of social harm caused by even more significant, there is such a wide range of external effects, affecting a wide range. This article discusses the auto externalities, mainly refers to the second category of external costs, that is caused by the use of vehicles environmental pollution.

With China's rapid economic development, increasing people's income level, be able to buy private cars, more than a city car ownership is increasing rapidly. As the city before the construction of the road is narrow, and too late to expand, causing the phenomenon of increased urban traffic congestion, waiting time increased, prolonged idling, resulting in unnecessary fuel consumption; the same time, dramatic increase in exhaust emissions, resulting in urban air pollution is serious, affected the health of urban residents.