Question

现在完成时构成、用法、时间状语……

Answer 1

构成：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(done)
①肯定句：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+宾语.
②否定句：主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词+宾语.
③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词+宾语.
④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）
时间状语：
1.与表示一段时间的状语连用,如“ for ＋段时间”,“ since ＋时间点”.
2.与笼统表示过去时间的状语连用,如 already,never,ever,just 等.含有这类时间状语的句子,其谓语动词表示句中的行为或动作发生在过去,但对现在有影响.
3.与表示包含过去和现在的一整段时间的状语连用,如 lately,recently,in the past few years,these few years,these days,up to now,so far 等
注意：现在完成时不能与单纯表示过去时间的状语连用,如 yesterday,last week,in 2002,three days ago 等
用法：
（1）现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.
（2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用.
注意：瞬间动词（即表示的动作在瞬间就可以完成,不能延续下去.往往表示动作的结果,或表示短暂性、一次性的动作.）不能与for和since连用,需要转换成延续动词.
较为常见的转换有：
1.have arrived at/in sw.got to/reached sw.come/gone/moved to sw.→have been in sw./at…相应的介词
2.have come/gone back/returned → have been back
3.have come/gone out →have been out
4.have become → have been
5.have closed / opened→ have been close/open
6.have got up → have been up；
7.have died → have been dead；
8.have left sw.→ have been away from sw.
9.have fallen asleep/got to sleep → have been asleep；
10.have finished/ended/completed → have been over；
11.havemarried → have been married；
12.have started/begun to do sth.→ have done sth.；
13.have begun → have been on
14.have borrowed/bought →have kept/had
15.have lost → haven’t had
16.have put on →have worn
17.have caught /get a cold → have had a cold；
18.have got to know → have known
19.have/has gone to → have been in
20.have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army →have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Party’s member/the league member/the soldier
还有用“be＋形容词”代终止性动词
1、be＋married代marry
2、be＋ill代fall (get) ill
3、be＋dead代die
4、be＋asleep代fall (get) asleep
5、be＋awake代wake/wake up
6、be＋gone代lose,die,sell,leave
7、be＋open代open
8、be closed代close/shut
9、be＋missing(gone,lost)代lose
用“be＋副词”代终止性动词
1“be＋on”代start,begin
2“be＋up”代get up
3“be＋back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to
4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等
用“be＋介词短语”代终止性动词
1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to
2.用be in the army 代替join the army
3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to
动词转换是个很常见的考点,建议好好背背.