非谓语动词怎么判断?怎么用?

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(一)动词不定式:(to)+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。 \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  否定式:not + (to) do \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  (1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后, \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  例如: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  I'm glad to meet you. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  He seems to know a lot. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  We plan to pay a visit. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  He wants to be an artist. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  The patient asked to be operated on at once. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  The teacher ordered the work to be done. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  (2)进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  The boy pretended to be working hard. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  He seems to be reading in his room. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  (3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  I regretted to have told a lie. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  I happened to have seen the film. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  He is pleased to have met his friend. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  2.不定式的句法功能: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  (1)作主语: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  To lose your heart means failure. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后,例如上面两句可用如下形式: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  It means failure to lose your heart. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  常用句式有:1、It+be+名词+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do。4、It+be+形容词+for sb.+to do。常用careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词,不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  (2)作表语: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  Her job is to clean the hall. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  He appears to have caught a cold. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  (3)作宾语: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  I have no choice but to stay here. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,如: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  He gave us some advice on how to learn English. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  (4)作宾语补足语: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to, 如: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  I saw him cross the road. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  He was seen to cross the road. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  (5)作定语: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  ①动宾关系: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  I have a meeting to attend. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  He found a good house to live in. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  The child has nothing to worry about. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  What did you open it with? \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  如果不定式修饰time, place, way,可以省略介词: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  He has no place to live. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  This is the best way to work out this problem. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  Have you got anything to send? \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  Have you got anything to be sent? \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  ②说明所修饰名词的内容: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  We have made a plan to finish the work. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  ③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  He is the first to get here. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  (6)作状语: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  ①表目的: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  He worked day and night to get the money. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  wrong:To save money, every means has been tried. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  right:To save money, he has tried every means. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  right:To learn English well, he needs a dictionary. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  ②表结果: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  He arrived late to find the train gone. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  常用only放在不定式前表示强调: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  I visited him only to find him out. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  ③表原因: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  They were very sad to hear the news. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  ④表程度: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  It's too dark for us to see anything. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  The question is simple for him to answer. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  (7)作独立成分: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  (8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do动词。 \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  If you don't want to do it, you don't need to. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  (9)不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to。 \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  He wished to study medicine and become a doctor. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  (二)动名词: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。 \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  1.动名词的形式: Ving\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  否定式:not + 动名词 \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  (1)一般式: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  (2)被动式: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。 \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  (3)完成式: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。 \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  (4)完成被动式: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。 \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  (5)否定式:not + 动名词 \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。 \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  (6)复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格)+ 动名词 \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。 \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  His not knowing English troubled him a lot. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。 \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  2.动名词的句法功能: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  (1)作主语: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。 \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。 \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。 \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。 \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  (2)作表语: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵。 \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  (3)作宾语: \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。 \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  We have to prevent the air from being polluted. \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a  我们必须阻止空气被污染。
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