求一篇关于计算机的文章，要有英语翻译。急急急急急急
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计算机发展及现状
计算机网络是计算机技术和通信技术紧密结合的产物，它涉及到通信与计算机两个领域。它的诞生使计算机体系结构发生了巨大变化，在当今社会经济中起着非常重要的作用，它对人类社会的进步做出了巨大贡献。从某种意义上讲，计算机网络的发展水平不仅反映了一个国家的计算机科学和通信技术水平，而且已经成为衡量其国力及现代化程度的重要标志之一。
自50年代开始，人们及各种组织机构使用计算机来管理他们的信息的速度迅速增长。早期，限于技术条件使得当时的计算机都非常庞大和非常昂贵，任何机构都不可能为雇员个人提供使用整个计算机，主机一定是共享的，它被用来存储和组织数据、集中控制和管理整个系统。所有用户都有连接系统的终端设备，将数据库录入到主机中处理，或者是将主机中的处理结果，通过集中控制的输出设备取出来。它最典型的特征是：通过主机系统形成大部分的通信流程，构成系统的所有通信协议都是系统专有的，大型主机在系统中占据着绝对的支配作用，所有控制和管理功能都是由主机来完成。
随着计算机技术的不断发展，尤其是大量功能先进的个人计算机的问世，使得每一个人可以完全控制自己的计算机，进行他所希望的作业处理，以个人计算机（PC）方式呈现的计算能力发展成为独立的平台，导致了一种新的计算结构---分布式计算模式的诞生。
一般来讲，计算机网络的发展可分为四个阶段：
第一阶段：计算机技术与通信技术相结合，形成计算机网络的雏形；
第二阶段：在计算机通信网络的基础上，完成网络体系结构与协议的研究，形成了计算机网络；
第三阶段：在解决计算机连网与网络互连标准化问题的背景下，提出开放系统互连参考模型与协议，促进了符合国际标准的计算机网络技术的发展；
第四阶段：计算机网络向互连、高速、智能化方向发展，并获得广泛的应用。
任何一种新技术的出现都必须具备两个条件：即强烈的社会需求与先期技术的成熟。计算机网络技术的形成与发展也证实了这条规律。1946年世界上第一台电子数字计算机ENIAC在美国诞生时，计算机技术与通信技术并没有直接的联系。50年代初，由于美国军方的需要，美国半自动地面防空系统SAGE进行了计算机技术与通信技术相结合的尝试。要实现这样的目的，首先要完成数据通信技术的基础研究。在这项研究的基础上，人们完全可以将地理位置分散的多个终端通信线路连到一台中心计算机上。用户可以在自己的办公室内的终端键入程序，通过通信线路传送到中心计算机，人们把这种以单个为中心的联机系统称做面向终端的远程联机系统。它是计算机通信网络的一种。60年代初美国航空公司建成的由一台计算机与分布在全美国的2000多个终端组成的航空订票系统SABRE-1就是这种计算机通信网络。
随着计算机应用的发展，出现了多台计算机互连的需求。这种需求主要来自军事、科学研究、地区与国家经济信息分析决策、大型企业经营管理。他们希望将分布在不同地点的计算机通过通信线路互连成为计算机-计算机网络。网络用户可以通过计算机使用本地计算机的软件、硬件与数据资源，也可以使用连网的其它地方计算机软件、硬件与数据资源，以达到计算机资源共享的目的。这一阶段研究的典型代表是美国国防部高级研究计划局（ARPA，Advanced Research Projects Agency）的ARPAnet(通常称为ARPA网)。1969年ARPA网只有4个结点，1973年发展到40个结点，1983年已经达到100多个结点。ARPA网通过有线、无线与卫星通信线路，使网络覆盖了从美国本土到欧洲与夏威夷的广阔地域。ARPR网是计算机网络技术发展的一个重要的里程碑，它对发展计算机网络技术的主要贡献表现在以下几个方面：
1、完成了对计算机网络的定义、分类与子课题研究内容的描述；
2、提出了资源子网、通信子网的两级网络结构的概念；
3、研究了报文分组交换的数据交换方法；
4、采用了层次结构的网络体系结构模型与协议体系。
未来计算机与计算机技术
计算机的要害技术继续发展
未来的计算机技术将向超高速、超小型、平行处理、智能化的方向发展。尽管受到物理极限的约束，采用硅芯片的计算机的核心部件CPU的性能还会持续增长。作为Moore定律驱动下成功企业的典范Inter预计2001年推出1亿个晶体管的微处理器，并预计在2010年推出集成10亿个晶体管的微处理器，其性能为10万MIPS（1000亿条指令／秒）。而每秒100万亿次的超级计算机将出现在本世纪初出现。超高速计算机将采用平行处理技术，使计算机系统同时执行多条指令或同时对多个数据进行处理，这是改进计算机结构、提高计算机运行速度的要害技术。
同时计算机将具备更多的智能成分，它将具有多种感知能力、一定的思考与判定能力及一定的自然语言能力。除了提供自然的输入手段（如语音输入、手写输入）外，让人能产生身临其境感觉的各种交互设备已经出现，虚拟现实技术是这一领域发展的集中体现。
传统的磁存储、光盘存储容量继续攀升，新的海量存储技术趋于成熟，新型的存储器每立方厘米存储容量可达10TB（以一本书30万字计，它可存储约1500万本书）。信息的永久存储也将成为现实，千年存储器正在研制中，这样的存储器可以抗干扰、抗高温、防震、防水、防腐蚀。如是，今日的大量文献可以原汁原味保存、并流芳百世。
新型计算机系统不断涌现
硅芯片技术的高速发展同时也意味着硅技术越来越近其物理极限，为此，世界各国的研究人员正在加紧研究开发新型计算机，计算机从体系结构的变革到器件与技术革命都要产生一次量的乃至质的飞跃。新型的量子计算机、光子计算机、生物计算机、纳米计算机等将会在21世纪走进我们的生活，遍布各个领域。
Computer development and the present situation
The computer network is computer technology and communication technology in the combination of product, it involves communication and computer two fields. Its birth make computer architecture, great changes have taken place in today's social economy plays a very important role, it to the progress of human society made great contribution. In a sense, the development of computer network level not only reflect a nation's computer science and communications technology level, and has become to measure its national strength and modernization degree one of the important marks.
Since the 1950s, people and start organizations use computer to manage their information speed rapid growth. Early, limited to technical conditions such that computers are very large and very expensive, any agencies are not for personal use of the entire computer provide employees, host must be Shared, it is used to store and organize data, centralized control and management of the whole system. All customers have connection system of terminal equipment, will database into the host in processing, perhaps will host the deal, and through the centralized control output devices taken out. It is the most typical features are: the host system formed by most of the communication process, constitute a system all communication protocols are proprietary, mainframes in system occupies a absolute domination, all control and management functions are made by host to complete.
Along with the development of computer technology, especially large function of advanced of the personal computer was published, makes each one can fully control their own computer, he hoped assignments of treatment to personal computer (PC) non-ending computing power to become independent platform, causing a new calculation structure - distributed computing model was born.
Generally speaking, the development of computer network can be divided into four stages:
The first stage: the computer technology and communication technology should be combined to form the rudiment of computer network,
The second stage: in computer communication network, on the basis of the complete network architecture and protocols research, forming a computer network,
The third stage: in solving computer networking with network interconnection standardization, under the background of the reference model proposed open systems interconnection agreement, promoted the accord with international standard of the development of the computer network technology,
Fourth step: computer network to the interconnection, high-speed and intelligent direction, and a wide range of applications.
A kind of any new technique appears must have two requirements: namely strong social demand and prior technology maturity. Computer network technology to the formation and development also confirmed this rule. 1946 the world's first digital electronic computer ENIAC was born in the United States, computer technology and communication technology and no direct link. The early 50s, because the U.S. military needs, American semi-automatic ground defense systems SAGE the computer technology and communication technology combining attempt. To achieve such a goal, we must first complete data communication technology of basic research. In this study, on the basis of one can completely will geographical position scattered multiple terminal communications lines connected to a central computer. Users can in his office terminal type process through communication lines teleport to a central computer, people put this single center for online system oriented to the remote terminal called the online system. It is a kind of computer communication network. In the early 1960s American airlines built by a computer and distribution in the American more than 2000 terminals composed of airline reservation systems SABRE - 1 is this kind of computer communication network.
Along with the development of computer application, appeared more computers interconnected demand. This demand, mainly from the military, scientific research, regional and national economic information analysis and decision, large enterprise management. They hope will distribution in different locations through the computer communication lines to become computer - computer network interconnection. Internet users can through computer USES the local computer hardware, software and data resources, also can use networking other parts of the computer software, hardware and data resources, in order to achieve the purpose of computer resources sharing. This one phase Research is the typical representative of by the us defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA on Projects Agency), true of the NCP (often called ARPA network). In 1969 ARPA nets only four nodes in 1973, development to 40 node, 1983 has reached more than 100 nodes. ARPA nets by wire, radio and satellite communication lines, network covers from native American to Europe and Hawaii's wide geographic areas. ARPR net is computer network technology development of an important milestone, it to develop the main contribution of computer network technology performance in the following aspects:
1, the completion of the computer network based on the definition, classification and research contents of description,
2, puts forward a resource subnet, communication subnet two levels of network structure; the idea of
3, study the message packet-switched data exchange method,
4, adopts the hierarchical structure of network architecture model and protocol architecture.
The future of computer and computer technology
Computer key technology continues to develop
The future of computer technology to ultra-high speed, small-sized, parallel processing, intelligent direction. In spite of physical limits of constraint by using silicon chips computer the core component of CPU performance will be sustained growth. As Moore's law is driven by a successful business model Inter is expected to launch 100 million transistors in 2001 the microprocessor, and expected to launch in 2010 integrated one billion transistors microprocessor, its performance for 10 million the MIPS (1000 items of instruction/SEC). And 100 trillion times per second of the super computer will appear in the start of the decade. Super-fast computers will adopts parallel processing technology, make the computer system and execute multiple instructions or simultaneously with multiple data processing, this is improved computer structure and improving computer running speed of key technology.
While the computer will have more intelligent composition, it will have a variety of perception, the certain thinking and judgement ability and a natural language ability. In addition to providing natural input methods (such as speech input, handwritten input) outside, let a person can produce various delivered personally feeling
计算机网络是计算机技术和通信技术紧密结合的产物，它涉及到通信与计算机两个领域。它的诞生使计算机体系结构发生了巨大变化，在当今社会经济中起着非常重要的作用，它对人类社会的进步做出了巨大贡献。从某种意义上讲，计算机网络的发展水平不仅反映了一个国家的计算机科学和通信技术水平，而且已经成为衡量其国力及现代化程度的重要标志之一。
自50年代开始，人们及各种组织机构使用计算机来管理他们的信息的速度迅速增长。早期，限于技术条件使得当时的计算机都非常庞大和非常昂贵，任何机构都不可能为雇员个人提供使用整个计算机，主机一定是共享的，它被用来存储和组织数据、集中控制和管理整个系统。所有用户都有连接系统的终端设备，将数据库录入到主机中处理，或者是将主机中的处理结果，通过集中控制的输出设备取出来。它最典型的特征是：通过主机系统形成大部分的通信流程，构成系统的所有通信协议都是系统专有的，大型主机在系统中占据着绝对的支配作用，所有控制和管理功能都是由主机来完成。
随着计算机技术的不断发展，尤其是大量功能先进的个人计算机的问世，使得每一个人可以完全控制自己的计算机，进行他所希望的作业处理，以个人计算机（PC）方式呈现的计算能力发展成为独立的平台，导致了一种新的计算结构---分布式计算模式的诞生。
一般来讲，计算机网络的发展可分为四个阶段：
第一阶段：计算机技术与通信技术相结合，形成计算机网络的雏形；
第二阶段：在计算机通信网络的基础上，完成网络体系结构与协议的研究，形成了计算机网络；
第三阶段：在解决计算机连网与网络互连标准化问题的背景下，提出开放系统互连参考模型与协议，促进了符合国际标准的计算机网络技术的发展；
第四阶段：计算机网络向互连、高速、智能化方向发展，并获得广泛的应用。
任何一种新技术的出现都必须具备两个条件：即强烈的社会需求与先期技术的成熟。计算机网络技术的形成与发展也证实了这条规律。1946年世界上第一台电子数字计算机ENIAC在美国诞生时，计算机技术与通信技术并没有直接的联系。50年代初，由于美国军方的需要，美国半自动地面防空系统SAGE进行了计算机技术与通信技术相结合的尝试。要实现这样的目的，首先要完成数据通信技术的基础研究。在这项研究的基础上，人们完全可以将地理位置分散的多个终端通信线路连到一台中心计算机上。用户可以在自己的办公室内的终端键入程序，通过通信线路传送到中心计算机，人们把这种以单个为中心的联机系统称做面向终端的远程联机系统。它是计算机通信网络的一种。60年代初美国航空公司建成的由一台计算机与分布在全美国的2000多个终端组成的航空订票系统SABRE-1就是这种计算机通信网络。
随着计算机应用的发展，出现了多台计算机互连的需求。这种需求主要来自军事、科学研究、地区与国家经济信息分析决策、大型企业经营管理。他们希望将分布在不同地点的计算机通过通信线路互连成为计算机-计算机网络。网络用户可以通过计算机使用本地计算机的软件、硬件与数据资源，也可以使用连网的其它地方计算机软件、硬件与数据资源，以达到计算机资源共享的目的。这一阶段研究的典型代表是美国国防部高级研究计划局（ARPA，Advanced Research Projects Agency）的ARPAnet(通常称为ARPA网)。1969年ARPA网只有4个结点，1973年发展到40个结点，1983年已经达到100多个结点。ARPA网通过有线、无线与卫星通信线路，使网络覆盖了从美国本土到欧洲与夏威夷的广阔地域。ARPR网是计算机网络技术发展的一个重要的里程碑，它对发展计算机网络技术的主要贡献表现在以下几个方面：
1、完成了对计算机网络的定义、分类与子课题研究内容的描述；
2、提出了资源子网、通信子网的两级网络结构的概念；
3、研究了报文分组交换的数据交换方法；
4、采用了层次结构的网络体系结构模型与协议体系。
未来计算机与计算机技术
计算机的要害技术继续发展
未来的计算机技术将向超高速、超小型、平行处理、智能化的方向发展。尽管受到物理极限的约束，采用硅芯片的计算机的核心部件CPU的性能还会持续增长。作为Moore定律驱动下成功企业的典范Inter预计2001年推出1亿个晶体管的微处理器，并预计在2010年推出集成10亿个晶体管的微处理器，其性能为10万MIPS（1000亿条指令／秒）。而每秒100万亿次的超级计算机将出现在本世纪初出现。超高速计算机将采用平行处理技术，使计算机系统同时执行多条指令或同时对多个数据进行处理，这是改进计算机结构、提高计算机运行速度的要害技术。
同时计算机将具备更多的智能成分，它将具有多种感知能力、一定的思考与判定能力及一定的自然语言能力。除了提供自然的输入手段（如语音输入、手写输入）外，让人能产生身临其境感觉的各种交互设备已经出现，虚拟现实技术是这一领域发展的集中体现。
传统的磁存储、光盘存储容量继续攀升，新的海量存储技术趋于成熟，新型的存储器每立方厘米存储容量可达10TB（以一本书30万字计，它可存储约1500万本书）。信息的永久存储也将成为现实，千年存储器正在研制中，这样的存储器可以抗干扰、抗高温、防震、防水、防腐蚀。如是，今日的大量文献可以原汁原味保存、并流芳百世。
新型计算机系统不断涌现
硅芯片技术的高速发展同时也意味着硅技术越来越近其物理极限，为此，世界各国的研究人员正在加紧研究开发新型计算机，计算机从体系结构的变革到器件与技术革命都要产生一次量的乃至质的飞跃。新型的量子计算机、光子计算机、生物计算机、纳米计算机等将会在21世纪走进我们的生活，遍布各个领域。
Computer development and the present situation
The computer network is computer technology and communication technology in the combination of product, it involves communication and computer two fields. Its birth make computer architecture, great changes have taken place in today's social economy plays a very important role, it to the progress of human society made great contribution. In a sense, the development of computer network level not only reflect a nation's computer science and communications technology level, and has become to measure its national strength and modernization degree one of the important marks.
Since the 1950s, people and start organizations use computer to manage their information speed rapid growth. Early, limited to technical conditions such that computers are very large and very expensive, any agencies are not for personal use of the entire computer provide employees, host must be Shared, it is used to store and organize data, centralized control and management of the whole system. All customers have connection system of terminal equipment, will database into the host in processing, perhaps will host the deal, and through the centralized control output devices taken out. It is the most typical features are: the host system formed by most of the communication process, constitute a system all communication protocols are proprietary, mainframes in system occupies a absolute domination, all control and management functions are made by host to complete.
Along with the development of computer technology, especially large function of advanced of the personal computer was published, makes each one can fully control their own computer, he hoped assignments of treatment to personal computer (PC) non-ending computing power to become independent platform, causing a new calculation structure - distributed computing model was born.
Generally speaking, the development of computer network can be divided into four stages:
The first stage: the computer technology and communication technology should be combined to form the rudiment of computer network,
The second stage: in computer communication network, on the basis of the complete network architecture and protocols research, forming a computer network,
The third stage: in solving computer networking with network interconnection standardization, under the background of the reference model proposed open systems interconnection agreement, promoted the accord with international standard of the development of the computer network technology,
Fourth step: computer network to the interconnection, high-speed and intelligent direction, and a wide range of applications.
A kind of any new technique appears must have two requirements: namely strong social demand and prior technology maturity. Computer network technology to the formation and development also confirmed this rule. 1946 the world's first digital electronic computer ENIAC was born in the United States, computer technology and communication technology and no direct link. The early 50s, because the U.S. military needs, American semi-automatic ground defense systems SAGE the computer technology and communication technology combining attempt. To achieve such a goal, we must first complete data communication technology of basic research. In this study, on the basis of one can completely will geographical position scattered multiple terminal communications lines connected to a central computer. Users can in his office terminal type process through communication lines teleport to a central computer, people put this single center for online system oriented to the remote terminal called the online system. It is a kind of computer communication network. In the early 1960s American airlines built by a computer and distribution in the American more than 2000 terminals composed of airline reservation systems SABRE - 1 is this kind of computer communication network.
Along with the development of computer application, appeared more computers interconnected demand. This demand, mainly from the military, scientific research, regional and national economic information analysis and decision, large enterprise management. They hope will distribution in different locations through the computer communication lines to become computer - computer network interconnection. Internet users can through computer USES the local computer hardware, software and data resources, also can use networking other parts of the computer software, hardware and data resources, in order to achieve the purpose of computer resources sharing. This one phase Research is the typical representative of by the us defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA on Projects Agency), true of the NCP (often called ARPA network). In 1969 ARPA nets only four nodes in 1973, development to 40 node, 1983 has reached more than 100 nodes. ARPA nets by wire, radio and satellite communication lines, network covers from native American to Europe and Hawaii's wide geographic areas. ARPR net is computer network technology development of an important milestone, it to develop the main contribution of computer network technology performance in the following aspects:
1, the completion of the computer network based on the definition, classification and research contents of description,
2, puts forward a resource subnet, communication subnet two levels of network structure; the idea of
3, study the message packet-switched data exchange method,
4, adopts the hierarchical structure of network architecture model and protocol architecture.
The future of computer and computer technology
Computer key technology continues to develop
The future of computer technology to ultra-high speed, small-sized, parallel processing, intelligent direction. In spite of physical limits of constraint by using silicon chips computer the core component of CPU performance will be sustained growth. As Moore's law is driven by a successful business model Inter is expected to launch 100 million transistors in 2001 the microprocessor, and expected to launch in 2010 integrated one billion transistors microprocessor, its performance for 10 million the MIPS (1000 items of instruction/SEC). And 100 trillion times per second of the super computer will appear in the start of the decade. Super-fast computers will adopts parallel processing technology, make the computer system and execute multiple instructions or simultaneously with multiple data processing, this is improved computer structure and improving computer running speed of key technology.
While the computer will have more intelligent composition, it will have a variety of perception, the certain thinking and judgement ability and a natural language ability. In addition to providing natural input methods (such as speech input, handwritten input) outside, let a person can produce various delivered personally feeling
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