Question

写英语论文，求帮忙翻译下以下内容，急！！！

计算机发展史，领域与未来发展
一、计算机发展史简介

人类所使用的计算工具是随着生产的发展和社会的进步，从简单到复杂、从低级到高级的发展过程，计算工具相继出现了如算盘、计算尺、手摇机械计算机、电动机械计算机等。 1946年，世界上第一台电子数字计算机（ENIAC）在美国诞生。这台计算机共用了18000多个电于管组成，占地170m2，总重量为30t，耗电140kw，运算速度达到每秒能进行5000次加法、 300次乘法。
电子计算机在短短的50多年里经过了电子管、晶体管、集成电路（IC）和超大规模集成电路（VLSI）四个阶段的发展，使计算机的体积越来越小，功能越来越强，价格越来越低，应用越来越广泛，目前正朝智能化（第五代）计算机方向发展。

1．第一代电子计算机

第一代电于计算机是从1946年至1958年。它们体积较大，运算速度较低，存储容量不大，而且价格昂贵。使用也不方便，为了解决一个问题，所编制的程序的复杂程度难以表述。这一代计算机主要用于科学计算，只在重要部门或科学研究部门使用。

2．第二代电子计算机

第二代计算机是从1958年到1965年，它们全部采用晶体管作为电子器件，其运算速度比第一代计算机的速度提高了近百倍，体积为原来的几十分之一。在软件方面开始使用计算机算法语言。这一代计算机不仅用于科学计算，还用于数据处理和事务处理及工业控制。

3．第三代电子计算机

第三代计算机是从1965年到1970年。这一时期的主要特征是以中、小规模集成电路为电子器件，并且出现操作系统，使计算机的功能越来越强，应用范围越来越广。它们不仅用于科学计算，还用于文字处理、企业管理、自动控制等领域，出现了计算机技术与通信技术相结合的信息管理系统，可用于生产管理、交通管理、情报检索等领域。

4．第四代电子计算机

第四代计算机是指从1970年以后采用大规模集成电路（LSI）和超大规模集成电路（VLSI）为主要电子器件制成的计算机。例如80386微处理器，在面积约为10mm X l0mm的单个芯片上，可以集成大约32万个晶体管。

第四代计算机的另一个重要分支是以大规模、超大规模集成电路为基础发展起来的微处理器和微型计算机。
5．第五代计算机

第五代计算机将把信息采集、存储、处理、通信和人工智能结合一起具有形式推理、联想、学习和解释能力。它的系统结构将突破传统的冯•诺依曼机器的概念，实现高度的并行处理。

二、计算机的发展方向

未来的计算机将以超大规模集成电路为基础，向巨型化、微型化、网络化与智能化的方向发展。

1．巨型化

巨型化是指计算机的运算速度更高、存储容量更大、功能更强。目前正在研制的巨型计算机其运算速度可达每秒百亿次。

2．微型化

微型计算机已进入仪器、仪表、家用电器等小型仪器设备中，同时也作为工业控制过程的心脏，使仪器设备实现“智能化”。随着微电子技术的进一步发展，笔记本型、掌上型等微型计算机必将以更优的性能价格比受到人们的欢迎。
3．网络化

随着计算机应用的深入，特别是家用计算机越来越普及，一方面希望众多用户能共享信息资源，另一方面也希望各计算机之间能互相传递信息进行通信。
计算机网络是现代通信技术与计算机技术相结合的产物。计算机网络己在现代企业的管理中发挥着越来越重要的作用，如银行系统、商业系统、交通运输系统等。

4．智能化

计算机人工智能的研究是建立在现代科学基础之上。智能化是计算机发展的一个重要方向，新一代计算机，将可以模拟人的感觉行为和思维过程的机理，进行“看”、“听”、“说”、“想”、“做”，具有逻辑推理、学习与证明的能力。

Answer 1

History of computer development, and future development areas

Firstly. the Introduction to Computer History

Computational tools used by human beings, with the development of production and social progress, from simple to complex, from lower to higher development, computational tools have emerged, such as abacus, slide rule, hand mechanical computers, electrical machinery and computer . In 1946, the world's first electronic digital computer (ENIAC) was born in the United States. This computer has more than 18,000 shared power in the tubes, an area of 170m2, the total weight of 30t, power 140kw, computing speed of the 5000 additions per second, 300 times multiplication.
In just 50 years after the tubes, transistors, integrated circuits (IC) and ultra large scale integration (VLSI) four stages of development, computer has become smaller and smaller, more powerful, more and more widely，and its price is also getting lower and lower, currently moving intelligence (fifth generation) computer direction.

1. The first generation of computer

The first generation of electricity in the computer is from 1946 to 1958. They are larger, lower operation speed, storage capacity is small and expensive. Not easy to use, in order to solve a problem, the complexity of programmed elusive. This generation is mainly used for scientific computing, scientific research only in the key sectors or departments.

2. Second-generation computer

Second-generation computer is from 1958 to 1965, they all use the transistor as an electronic device, the operation speed than the first generation of faster computers in recent times, the volume of several one-tenth of the original. In terms of software to start using computer algorithms language. This generation not only for scientific computing, but also for data processing and transaction processing and industrial control.

3. Third-generation computer

The third generation of computer is from 1965 to 1970. The main characteristics of this period is, the small-scale integrated circuits for electronic devices, and operating system appears to make more powerful computers, applications and more wide. They not only used for scientific computing, but also for word processing, business management, automatic control and other fields, there has been computer technology and communication technology combines information management system for production management, traffic management, information retrieval and other fields.

4. Fourth generation computer

Is the fourth generation of computers since 1970 using large scale integration (LSI) and ultra large scale integration (VLSI) electronic devices made of the main computer. For example, 80386 microprocessor, in an area of about 10mm X l0mm a single chip, can be integrated about 32 million transistors.

The fourth generation of computers is another important branch of a large-scale, VLSI-based microprocessors and develops miniature computer.
5. Fifth Generation Computer

Fifth generation computer will information collection, storage, processing, communications, and artificial intelligence combined with a form of reasoning, associative learning and interpretation skills. Its architecture will break the traditional von Neumann machine concept • to achieve a high degree of parallel processing.

Secondly, the development direction of the computer

Future computers will be based on ultra large scale integrated circuits, the giant, miniaturization, networked and intelligent direction.

1. Giant of

Giant of the computer's processing speed is higher, greater storage capacity, more powerful. Supercomputer is currently being developed by the operation speed of up to tens of billions of times per second.

2. Miniaturization

Micro-computer has access to instruments, meters, household appliances and other equipment in small, but also as an industrial control process of the heart, so that equipment to achieve "intelligent." With the further development of microelectronics technology, notebook, handheld and other micro-computer in order to better cost performance will be popular.
3. Network

With the depth of computer applications, in particular increasing popularity of home computers, one hope that many users to share information resources, it also hoped to transmit information between computers can communicate with each other.
Computer networks of modern communications technology and the result of combining computer technology. Computer networks in the modern enterprise management has been playing an increasingly important role, such as banking systems, business systems, transportation systems.

4. Intelligent

Artificial intelligence research is based on modern scientific basis. Intelligence is an important direction of computer development, a new generation of computers will be able to simulate the feeling of human behavior and thought process of the mechanism, to "see", "Listen," "said" "wish," "do" with the logic reasoning, learning and proven ability.

Answer 2

Computer history, field and the future development
A, computer history profile

Used by humans computational tool is with the development of production and social progress, from simple to complex, from low to high, the development process of calculating tool successively appeared like abacus, slide rule, computer, electric machinery brain-scanningexperiments mechanical computer, etc. In 1946, the world's first digital electronic computer (ENIAC) was born in the United States. This computer to share more than 18,000 composed, cover an area of electricity in tube 170m2 total weight, 30t, consumed for 140kw, speed 5000 cycles per second to add, 300 times the multiplication.
Electronic computers in a short period of more than 50 years after the electron tubes, transistors, integrated circuit (IC) and large scale integration (VLSI) four stages of development, make the computer volume more and more small, function is more and more strong, the price is lower, used more widely and is currently facing intelligent (the fifth generation computer direction.

1. The first generation of the electronic computer

The first generation of electricity in computer from 1946 to 1958. They have large size, low operation speed and storage capacity is not big, and expensive. Use isn't very convenient, in order to solve a problem, the program compiled by the complexity of the unspeakable. This generation of computers is mainly used in scientific computing, only the important department or scientific research departments for use.

2. The second generation of the electronic computer

The second generation of computers from 1958 to 1965, they all adopt transistors as electronic components, its speed than the first generation of computers speed increased nearly 100 times, volume for a small percentage of the original. In software began using computer algorithmic language. This generation of computers is not only used in scientific calculations, also used for data processing and transaction processing and industrial control.

3. The third generation electronic computer

The third generation of computers from 1965 to 1970. This period is the main feature of integrated circuits, small-scale for electronic devices, and appear operation system, the computer's function is more and more strong, application more widely. They are not only used in scientific computing, and for the word processing, enterprise management, automatic control and other fields, appeared computer technology and communication technology, combining information management system, can be used in the production management, traffic management, information retrieval, etc.

4. The fourth generation electronic computer

The fourth generation of computers is to show from 1970 after using (LSI) and large scale integration (VLSI) as main electronic components made of computer. For example 80386 microprocessors microprocessors, in an area of about 10mm X l0mm single chip can be integrated about 32 million transistors.

The fourth generation of computers is another important branch of large-scale, vlsi developed based microprocessor and microcomputer.
5. The fifth generation computer

The fifth generation computer will put information acquisition, storage, manipulation, communication and artificial intelligence together has form reasoning, lenovo, learning and explain capabilities. Its system structure will break through the traditional von debbi according to the concept of Raman machine, realize the height of parallel processing.

Second, computer development direction

The next computer will with very large scale integrated circuit as the foundation, to giant change, miniaturization, network and intelligent direction.

Giant of 1.

Giant change refers to computer operation speed higher, storage capacity greater, function stronger. At present are developing giant computer its speed can reach per 10 billion times.

Nano-scale 2.

Micro computer has entered the instrument and meter, household appliances such as small instruments, also as industrial control process of heart, make the equipment to realize "intelligent". With the further development of microelectronics technology, notebook type, such as palmtop microcomputer will end in more optimal price-performance get the welcome of people.
Network 3.

Along with the computer application deeply, especially the home computer is becoming more and more popular, on the one hand, hope many users can share information resources, on the other hand also hope all between computers can mutual information communication.
The computer network is modern communication technology and computer techniques. Computer network yourself in the modern enterprise management plays more and more important role, such as bank system and commercial systems, transportation system, etc.

Intelligent 4.

Computer artificial intelligence research is based on modern scientific basis. Artificial intelligence is an important direction of computer development, the new generation computer, will can simulate the sensation of behavior and thinking process, mechanism of "see", "hear", "says", "think", "do", with logical reasoning, learning, and proof ability.
选为最佳答案吧 谢谢

Answer 3

以下就是翻译，希望可以帮助到你

History of computer development, and future development areas
I. Introduction to Computer History

Computational tools used by human beings, with the development of production and social progress, from simple to complex, from lower to higher development, computational tools have emerged, such as abacus, slide rule, hand mechanical computers, electrical machinery and computer . In 1946, the world's first electronic digital computer (ENIAC) was born in the United States. This computer has more than 18,000 shared power in the tubes, an area of 170m2, the total weight of 30t, power 140kw, computing speed of the 5000 additions per second, 300 times multiplication.
Computer in just 50 years after the tubes, transistors, integrated circuits (IC) and ultra large scale integration (VLSI) four stages of development, so that the computer smaller and smaller, more powerful, the price getting lower and lower, more and more widely, currently moving intelligence (fifth generation) computer direction.

1. The first generation of computer

The first generation of electricity in the computer is from 1946 to 1958. They are larger, lower operation speed, storage capacity is small and expensive. Not easy to use, in order to solve a problem, the complexity of programmed elusive. This generation is mainly used for scientific computing, scientific research only in the key sectors or departments.

2. Second-generation computer

Second-generation computer is from 1958 to 1965, they all use the transistor as an electronic device, the operation speed than the first generation of faster computers in recent times, the volume of several one-tenth of the original. In terms of software to start using computer algorithms language. This generation not only for scientific computing, but also for data processing and transaction processing and industrial control.

3. Third-generation computer

The third generation of computer is from 1965 to 1970. The main characteristics of this period is, the small-scale integrated circuits for electronic devices, and operating system appears to make more powerful computers, applications and more wide. They not only used for scientific computing, but also for word processing, business management, automatic control and other fields, there has been computer technology and communication technology combines information management system for production management, traffic management, information retrieval and other fields.