Question

所有非延续性动词在现在完成时中所对应的延续性动词及其具体应用.

Answer 1

完成时中的延续性用法和非延续性用法.终止性动词和延续性动词.
例：
误：She has caught a bad cold for a week.
正：She has had a bad cold for a week.
这里catch是终止性动词,have是持续性动词.终止性动词在现在完成时的肯定句里,不能用表示一段时间的状语来修饰它们,也就是说不能用for短语(表示时间长度),或since短语词(或从句),也不能用在how long引起的疑问句中.
若需要表示持续一段时间时,可以用下列两种形式：1用It is(或has been)since句型；2用副词ago把句子改为一般过去时.如：
误：The American musician has arrived here for about a month.
正：It is(或has been)about a month since the American musician arrived here.
正：The American musician arrived here about month ago.
除了改变句型结构外,还可对动词作相应变化.其中多数终止性动词可用be来表示延续,有些可用相应的延续性动词来代替.如：
误：My sister had joined the Party for over six years.
正：My sister has been a Party member for over six years.
误：How long have you borrowed the book?
正：How long have you kept the book?
常用的替换词有：come be here,leave be away,die dead,begin be on,open be open,become be,buy have,borrow keep,eat have,join be in,(或be a member of),get up be up,get ready be ready,get to know know,make friends be friends,go to bed sleep,catch a cold have a cold等.
需要注意的是：
1、在否定句中,终止性动词可以转化为延续性的否定状态,因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用.如：
I haven’t heard from my brother for many years.
The rain hasn’t stopped since three minutes ago.
2、终止性动词可以用于“表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果”这种概念的现在完成时中,说明某个动作的结果还存在,不跟表示一段时间的状语连用,但可用already,yet,before,just,ever,now,today等时间状语.如：
I have already posted the photos.
Have you seen the film before?