定语从句中关系代词的用法差异 - 六级语法

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??在定语从句中,which、that、who、 whose与as是经常使用到的关系代词。应注意他们在用法上的区别。
??1.which和that指事物时的区别
??1)在all,any,every,no,only,few, little,many,much,the first/last等限定词及形容词级后一般用that而不用 which。例如:
??If the members of your club have any questions that haven't been answered by this?letter,please write again.
??如果你俱乐部成员有这封信还没回答的问题,请再写信。
??It is the only building(that)I've ever seen which is made entirely of glass.
??这是我见过的一座全用玻璃建造的建筑。
??Which was the first/fastest/next steamship that crossed the Atlantic?
??哪艘轮船首先/最快/随于其后横渡了大西洋?

??2)直接跟在介词后时,要用which而不用that;若不紧跟在介词后,也可用 that。例如:
??The ladder on which I was standing be-gan to slip./The ladder which /that I was standing on began to slip.
??我正站着的那个梯子开始滑动。

??3)非限制性定语从句中多用which而不用that。例如:
??They thought him dull,which he was not.
??他们认为他头脑迟钝,实际他并非如此。

? 4)表示方式、时间、处所、原因等时,只用that而不用which;that也可省略。例如:
? I did like the way(that)she spoke tome.
??我确实喜欢她对我说话的方式。
??I'll never forget the Sunday(that)/when you first arrived.
??我永远不会忘记你刚到的那个星期天。
?
??5)定语从句为"there be"结构,从句主语只能用that,不用which。例如:
??This is the only one(that)there is.
??这是此处所有的一个。
??I must make full use of the time(that) there is left to me.
??我必须充分利用我剩下的时间。

??6)先行词既包括人,也包括物时,一般用 that。例如:
??He talked brilliantly of the men and the books that interested him.
??他对他所喜欢的人和书侃侃而谈。

??7)分裂句中,指物时一般用that。例如:
??What was it that he wanted?他想要的是什么?

??8)如前面已有which,为了避免重复,用 that。例如:
??Which is the car that overtook us?是哪辆车超过了我们?

??9)指物的先行词有复杂的修饰成份时,更倾向于使用which。例如:
??I have interests outside my immediate work and its problems which I find satisfying.
??在我的直接工作及其问题之外,我有令人满意的爱好。

??2.who与that指人时的区别

??1)非限制性定语从句中,只能用who不能用that。例如:
??His mother,who by that time was tired out,gave him a smack.
??他的母亲,到那时已筋疲力尽了,给了他一巴掌。

??2)作表语时,用that而一般不用who。例如:
??She is not the brilliant dancer that she used to be.
??她不再是过去那个优秀的舞蹈家了。

??3)定语从句为"there be"结构,从句主语只能用that,不用who。例如:
??He is regarded as a gifted musician(that) there has ever been.
??他被认为是这里曾有过的一位天才音乐家。

??4)指人的代词those后习惯用who,不用 that。例如:
??Those who take bribes will be punished.受贿的人要受到惩罚。

??3.which与whose作定语时的区别
??在定语从句中,which和whose都可作定语,但是which一般只用在非限制性定语从句中,仅指物,并且要接一个对先行词起概括作用的泛指名词;"which +名词"与先行词指同一事物或情况,既可用于限制性定语从句中,也可用于非限制性定语从句中;既可指人,也可指物。"whose +名词"与先行词不表示同一事物或情况。比较下面例句a)和例句b):
??
??a)He is studying economics,which knowl- edge is very important today.
??(knowledge概括了economics)他正在研究经济学,这门知识今天很重要。
??b)The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied.
??窗户坏了的那所房子没人砖?
??a)Tom spent four years in college,duringwhich time he learned French.
??汤姆上了四年大学,其间他学了法语。
??b)It was an island whose name I have forgotten.
??那是一个岛屿,它的名字我已忘记了。
?
??4.as与which作关系代词时的区别
??1)限制性定语从句中,与as,so,such, the same连用时,要使用as,不能使用which。例如:
Here is so difficult a problem as none of us can solve.
??这里有一个很难的问题,我们谁也解决不了。
??He returned with tobacco,matches,and such provisions as were needed.
??他带着烟叶,火柴和所需供应品回来了。

??2)非限制性定语从句中,存在着以下主要差别:
??i)as引导的从句位置灵活,可位于句首、句中或句尾(处于句首或句中时常常被翻译成"正如......,正像......"),而which引导的从句常常位于句末,几乎不放在句首。例如:
??As he hoped,he saw the girl.
??正如他所希望的,他见到了那个女孩儿。
??She did not,as her friend had feared,open the case.
??她没有像她朋友担心的那样,把箱子打开。(as指下文"open the case"这件事)
??He married her,which/as was natural.
??他和她结婚了,这是自然的。
??ii)as作从句主语时,一般见于主---系---表结构或被动结构(并且有些已形成固定形式如as is often the case,as was feared);而which并不受此限制。例如:
??Things,as is often the case,will turn out to be contrary to one's wishes.
??很常见的情况是,事与愿违。
??He must be an African,as may be seen from the color of his skin.
??他一定是非洲人,这可以从他的皮肤颜色看出来。(as在被动结构中作主语;也可用which)
??He saw the girl,which delighted him.
??他见到了那位姑娘,这使他很高兴。(从句为主---动---宾结构,不能用as)
iii)as引导的从句内容与主句内容为相辅相承关系(而不是相反关系);which却无此限制。比较下面例句a)和例句b):
??a)He arrived late,which /as was usualwith him.
??他迟到了,这对他来说是常有的事。(相辅相承关系)
??b)He arrived late,which was unusual.
??他迟到了,这对他来说是少有的事。(相反关系)
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