Question

土木工程英语翻译

The engineering behaviour of a soil is a function of its structure or fabric, which in turn is a result of the geological conditions governing deposition and the subsequent stress history .The macro-structure of a soil includes its bedding , laminations, fissures,joints and tension cracks ,all of which can exert a dominant influence on the shert strength and drainage characteristics of a soil mass .The micro-structure of a sand or gravel refers to its particle arrangement which in turn involves the concept of packing –in other words the spacial density of particles in the aggregate(see Kahn).
The conceptual treatment of packing begins with a consideration of the arrangment of spherical particles of equal size .These can be packded either in a disorderly or systematic fashion .The closest type of systematic packing is rhombohedral packing whereas the most open type is cubic packing,the porosities approximating to 26% and 48% respectively .Put another way, the void ratio of a well sorted and perfectly cohesionless aggregate of equidimensional grains can range between extreme values of about 0.35 and 1.00 .If the void ratio is more than unity the micro-structure will be collapsable or metastable .If a large number of equal size is arranged in any systematic packing pattern then there is a certain diameter ratio for smaller spheres which can just pass through the throats between the larger spheres into the interstices ,for example ,in rhombohedral packing this critical diameter is 0.154D(D being the diameter of the larger spheres).However ,a considerable amount of disorder occurs in most coarse grained deposits and ,according to Graton and Frazer there are colonies of tighter and looser packing within any deposit .
In a single grain structure individual particles are bulky and pore passages have average diameter of the same order of magnitude as smaller particle diameters . There is virtually no effective combination of particles to form aggregates . Each particle functions individually in the soil framework , and particles are in contact with one another , so that the movement of any individual grain is ingluenced by the position of adjacent grains.For most equilibrium conditions in coarse grained soil the soil framework serves exclusively as the stressed member .
Size and sorting have a significant influence on the engineering behaviour of granular soils;generally speaking the large the larger the particles ,the higher the strength . Deposits consisting of a mixture of different sized particles are usually stronger than those which are uniformly graded .However ,the mechanical properties of such sediments depends mainly on their density index(formerly relative density)which in turn depends on packing .

Answer 1

该工程的行为是一种土壤结构或功能面料、 这又是由于地质条件和随后强调历史沉积. 宏观结构 它包括了土壤寝具、片、 裂隙,裂缝接缝、紧张,所有这些都可以发挥影响力的主导力量和排水shert特点 一项大规模的土壤. 微观结构或砂卵石指其涉及的粒子,从而安排 包装概念--换句话说空间粒子密度的总和(见财). 包装概念治疗始于考虑安排球形粒子数相等. 这些可 无论是packded秩序或有条理. 最接近菱型系统是包装而包装 立方是最开放式包装,逼近孔隙度分别为26%和48%. 换句话说, 一个良好的孔隙比7782equidimensional分拣和完美粘性谷物轻则之间极端值 约0.35和1.00. 如果无效比例超过团结微观结构将collapsable或稳. 假如 大批被安排在同等大小包装方式没有系统性直径有一定比例,然后 对于规模较小的领域,可以通过刚刚喉咙之间的间隙较大的领域,例如在 菱包装这一关键直径0.154d(丁正直径较大的领域). 然而,出现了大量无序 粗粒大部分存款,按照graton殖民地和弗雷泽有紧缩包装和松散起 任何存款. 在粮食结构单一个体颗粒体积及孔隙平均直径相同的机票已经命令 由于震级较小的粒径. 也欠缺有效的结合,形成颗粒料. 每一个人在土壤颗粒功能架构、颗粒互相接触、 使粮食流通任何个人的立场是ingluenced毗邻grains.for最均衡条件 粗粒土土专为强调会员服务框架. 大小和分拣产生重大影响的工程行为粒状土壤; 一般来说大型规模 颗粒强度更高. 存款组成的混合物颗粒大小不同,通常比那些清一色等级. 然而, 力学性能等主要取决于其沉积物密度指数(前身相对密度)而这又取决于包装.