Question

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各种细菌在不同的环境里生存，并通过不同的途径传播。有资料统计，在人的上半身每平方公分的皮肤上有50一5000个微生物，它们从汗水和分泌物中获取营养进行着生长，繁殖，死亡的新陈代谢。汗水或内分泌物中的脂肪酸，乳酸能杀死多种微生物。微生物之何也互有杀死或灾活作用，构成了自然界的协调平衡。微生物的分布很广泛，虽然它们对人类的生产生活有一定的积极作用，但它们也常常使工业器材受到腐蚀，使食品及原料腐败和变质，甚至以食物作媒介引起人体中毒、染病、致癌和死亡。

1 、微生物的作用
1.1 微生物在物质循环中的作用 在生物圈内的物质循环过程中，以异样型微生物为主的分解者，在有机物的矿质化过程中有着不可替代的作用，它于生产者一起共同推动着生物内的物质循环，使生态系统保持平衡。例如，在碳素循环中，地球上 90% 的 co 2 是由微生物的生命活动产生的；在氮素循环中，固氮作用、氨化作用、硝化作用、反硝化作用都有微生物的活动；在磷和硫的循环中同样也需要各种微生物的活动。
1.2 微生物与污水处理 工业迅猛发展的同时也给人们带来了一定的环境污染。在众多的污水、废水处理方法中，生物学的处理方法因具有经济方便、效果好的突出优点而被广泛应用。在污水的生物学处理过程中，微生物起着特别重要的作用，它们能将水体中的含碳有机物分解成 CO 2 、 H 2 s 、 CH 4 等气体；将含氮有机物分解成氨、硝酸、亚硝酸和氮；能使汞、砷等对人类有毒的重金属盐在水体中进行转化，以便于回收或除去，使许多病原性寄生生物常因与环境不适而死去。
1.3 有益于人体健康 人体肠道中含有很多种微生物，其中主要有大肠杆菌、产气杆菌、变形菌、粪产碱菌、产气荚膜梭菌、乳酸杆菌和螺旋体等。人体为这些微生物提供了良好的栖息场所，而这些细菌生活在肠道中能合成核黄素、维生素 B12 维生素 K 等多种维生素以及氨基酸以供人体吸收利用。
1.4有很多食品（如酱油、醋、味精、酒、酸奶、奶酪、蘑菇）、工业品（如皮革、纺织、石化）、药品（如抗生素、疫苗、维生素、生态农药）是依赖于微生物制造 的；微生物在矿产探测与开采、废物处理（如水净化、沼气发酵）等各种领域中也发挥重要作用。微生物是自然界唯一认知的固氮者（如大豆根瘤菌）与动植物残体 降解者（如纤维素的降解），同时位于常见生物链的首末两端，从而完成碳、氮、硫、磷等生物质在大循环中的衔接。若没有微生物，众多生物就失去必需的营养来 源、植物的纤维质残体就无法分解而无限堆积，就没有自然界当前的繁荣与秩序或人类的产生与维续。
1.5微生物与人类健康密切相关。多数微生物对人体是无害的。实际上，人体的外表面（如皮肤）和内表面（如肠道）生活着很多正常、有益的菌群。它们占据这些表面 并产生天然的抗生素，抑制有害菌的着落与生长；它们也协助吸收或亲自制造一些人体必需的营养物质，如维生素和氨基酸。这些菌群的失调（如抗生素滥用）可以 导致感染发生或营养缺失。然而另一方面，人类与动植物的疾病也有很多是由微生物引起，这些微生物叫做病原微生物(pathogenic microorganism)或病原(pathogen）

Answer 1

Various bacteria survive in different environment, and through different approach spread. A statistics, the upper body in people per square centimeter skin is 50 a 5,000 microbes, they get from the sweat and the secretion of a growth, reproduction nutrition, death metabolism. Sweat or the fatty acid, lactic acid secretion inside can kill many organisms. What of microbiology could have also killed or disaster live action, constitutes the balance coordination of nature. Microbial were widespread, even though they live on human production have certain positive role, but they also often make industrial equipment from corrosion, make food and raw material of corruption and metamorphism, even with food for the media to cause human body poisoning, disease, cancer and death.

1, microbial role

1.1 microorganisms in the role of material circulation in biosphere material circulation process, mainly with different type of microbial organic decomposers in the process of mineral play an irreplaceable role in producers together, it pushes the material circulation, biological inside that ecosystem balance. For example, in the carbon cycle, on the earth, 90% of the co 2 is produced by microbial life activities; In nitrogen cycle, nitrogen fixation function, amination function, nitrification, denitrifying action have the action of microorganisms; In phosphorus and sulfur cycle in the same also need various microbes activities.

1.2 microorganism and sewage treatment industry rapid development of also has brought people certain environmental pollution. In many of the sewage and waste water treatment method, biological treatment because of its economic convenient, good effect is prominent advantages and has been widely used. In the wastewater treatment process of biology, microbiology plays a particularly important role in water, they can turn organic carbon decomposed into CO 2, H 2 s, CH 4 gas, such as; Will contain nitrogen organic material is decomposed into ammonia, nitric acid, proposed and nitrogen; Can make mercury, arsenic of human toxic heavy metal salt in water in transformation, in order to remove, make many recycling or pathogenic sex parasites often die because of and environmental discomfort.

130 be beneficial to human body health human intestinal contains a variety of microbes, which mainly has e. coli, produce gas bacillus, deformation bacteria, dung produce alkali bacteria, compared with perfringens spindle bacteria, lactobacillus and helicoid, etc. The human body for these microbes provides good perched place, and these bacteria living in intestinal can synthetic lactoflavin, vitamin B12 vitamin K and so on many kinds of vitamins and amino acids for the body to absorb use.

There are many food (such as 1.4 soy sauce, vinegar, monosodium glutamate, wine, yogurt and cheese, mushrooms), industrial goods (such as leather, textile, petrochemical), drugs (such as antibiotics and vaccines, vitamin, ecological pesticide) is dependent on microbial manufacturing; Microorganisms in mineral exploration and mining, waste disposal (water purification, biogas fermentation) in various fields such as also play an important role. Microbes are only the nature of cognitive nitrogen-fixing (such as rhizobium fredii) of plants and animals residues of people (such as cellulose degradation in common, and degradation) at the end of the chain, thus finish first ends carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur and phosphorus in the cohesion theory of biomass. If there is no microbes, many biological lose the necessary nutrients to source, plant fiber residues cannot decompose and the infinite accumulation, there is no nature current prosperity and order or human generation and dimension renewal.

1.5 microorganism and closely related to human health. Most microbes to the human body is harmless. In fact, the human body outer surfaces (such as skin) and the inner surface (such as bowel) live many normal, beneficial bacterium group. They hold these surface and produce natural antibiotic, restrain harmful bacterium landing and growth; They also assist absorption or personally manufacturing some human body essential nutrients, such as vitamins and amino acids. The flora of disorders (such as antibiotic abuse) can lead to infection or nutritional deficiencies. But on the other hand, human and animal and plant diseases and many are caused by microorganisms, these microbes pathogenic microorganism called pathogenic microorganism (or pathogen (pathogen)

Answer 2

Each kind of bacterium survives in the different environment, and through different way dissemination. Has the material statistics, has 5,015,000 microorganisms on person's upper part each square centimeter skin, they gain the nutrition from the sweat and the secretion to carry on are growing, reproduction, death metabolism. In the sweat or the autocoid substance fatty acid, the lactic acid can kill many kinds of microorganisms. What does the microorganism have mutually kills or the disaster lives the function, constituted nature coordinated balanced. Microorganism's distribution is very widespread, although they have certain positive role to humanity's production life, but they also frequently cause the industrial equipment to receive the corrosion, causes food and raw material corruption and the deterioration, even makes the medium by food to cause the human body poison, to catch an illness, the carcinogenicity and the death.
1st, microorganism's function <dnt> the </dnt> 1.1 microorganism's in circulation of materials functions in the biosphere circulation of materials process, by the difference microorganism disintegrator primarily, has the unreplaceable function in the organic matter mineralization process, it is promoting in the biological circulation of materials together in the producer, causes the ecosystem maintains balanced. For example, in the carbon cycle, on the Earth 90% co 2 is produces by microorganism's vital activity; In the nitrogen cycle, the nitrogen fixation, the aminating, the nitrification, the denitrification have microorganism's activity; Similarly also needs each kind of microorganism in the phosphorus and in the sulfur circulation the activity.
1.2 microorganisms and sewage treatment industry rapid development's at the same time has also brought certain environmental pollution to the people. In the numerous sewage, in the wastewater disposal method, the biology processing method because of has the economy to be convenient, the effect good prominent merit is widely applied. In the sewage biology treating processes, the microorganism is playing the specially vital role, they can decompose the water body in including the carbon organic matter CO 2, H 2 s, CH 4 and so on gas; Azotic organic matter ammonification, nitric acid, nitrous acid and nitrogen; Can cause the mercury, the arsenic and so on to carry on the transformation to the human virulent heavy metal salt in the water body, is advantageous for the recycling or, except that caused many pathogenicity parasites Chang Yin and the environment ill dies.
1.3 are beneficial in the human body healthy human body intestinal tract includes very many kind of microorganisms, mainly has the backwoods coli

1.4 have many foods (for example soy sauce, vinegar, monosodium glutamate, liquor, yogurt, cheese, mushroom), the industrial product (for example leather, spinning and weaving, petrochemical), the drugs (for example antibiotic, vaccine, Vitamin, ecology agricultural chemicals) to rely on the microorganism manufacture; The microorganism in the minerals survey and mining, the waste treatment (for example water purification, methane fermentation) and so on each kind of domain also plays the influential role. The microorganism is the nature only cognition nitrogen fixation (for example soybean root nodule bacteria) with moves the plant remains degeneration (for example cellulose degeneration), simultaneously is located at the common biological chain the head end both sides, thus completes the carbon, the nitrogen, the sulfur, the phosphorus and so on to live the material in big circulation engagement. If does not have the microorganism, the numerous biology lose the essential nutrition to originate, plant's fib

Answer 3

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Answer 4

A variety of bacteria survive in different environments and through different routes. Data statistics, people per square centimeter of skin on the upper body 50 of a 5000 micro-organisms, their secretions from the sweat and get nutrition for the growth, reproduction, metabolism of death. Sweat or secretions of the fatty acids, lactic acid can kill many microorganisms. What microorganisms are killed each other or the role of disaster activities, constitutes a harmonious balance of nature. Very broad distribution of micro-organisms, although their production and life of human beings have a certain positive role, but they are also often subject to corrosion of industrial equipment, so that corruption and deterioration of food and raw materials, and even the medium of food poisoning caused by the human body, disease, cancer and death.

1, the role of microorganisms
1.1 microorganisms in the material cycling in the material in the biosphere cycle, mainly to abnormal microbial decomposers in the process of mineralization of organic matter has an irreplaceable role in promoting it on the producers together with the biological the material cycle, the ecosystem balance. For example, in the carbon cycle, Earth 90% of the co 2 by microbial life activities; in nitrogen cycling, nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification, have microbial activity; in cycle of phosphorus and sulfur also requires a variety of microbial activity.
1.2 Microbes and the rapid development of industrial wastewater treatment but also to bring a certain amount of environmental pollution. Among the many sewage, wastewater treatment methods, biological treatment because of economic convenience, good results highlight the advantages of being widely used. In biological wastewater treatment process, microbes play a particularly important role in organic carbon in water they can be broken down into CO 2, H 2 s, CH 4 and other gases; the nitrogen-containing organic compounds break down into ammonia, nitric acid, nitrite and nitrogen; make mercury, arsenic and other toxic heavy metals on human salt in water can be transformed in order to facilitate recycling or to remove, so that many pathogenic parasites often die because of discomfort and the environment.
1.3 benefit to human health in the human intestinal tract contains a variety of microorganisms, which are E. coli, Aerobacter aerogenes, Proteobacteria, Alcaligenes faecalis, Clostridium perfringens, Lactobacillus and spiral and so on. Human body as these organisms provide a good habitat, and these bacteria live in the intestine can synthesize riboflavin, vitamin B12 vitamin K and other vitamins and amino acids for absorption and utilization of the human body.
1.4 There are many foods (such as soy sauce, vinegar, monosodium glutamate, wine, yogurt, cheese, mushrooms), industrial products (such as leather, textile, petrochemical), drugs (such as antibiotics, vaccines, vitamins, eco-pesticides) is made dependent on the microbial ; microorganisms in mineral exploration and mining, waste disposal (such as water purification, biogas), and other areas also play an important role. The only cognitive microbial nitrogen fixation in nature (such as soybean rhizobia) and animal and plant residue decomposition (such as cellulose degradation), while in the common first and last ends of the food chain, thus completing the carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and other biomass in the large loop interface. If there is no micro-organisms, numerous species have lost the necessary source of nutrition, plant fiber debris accumulation can not break down the infinite, there is no natural order or with the current boom generation and the continuation of mankind.
1.5 Microorganisms and human health are closely related. Most microorganisms are harmless to humans. In fact, the outer surface of the body (such as the skin) and inner surface (such as the intestine) with a lot of normal life, beneficial bacteria. They occupy the surface and produces a natural antibiotic, inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria and landed; they also help absorb or personally create some essential nutrients such as vitamins and amino acids. The flora of the disorders (such as antibiotics abuse) can lead to infection or nutritional deficiency. But on the other hand, humans and plant and animal diseases caused by microorganisms many of these micro-organisms called pathogens (pathogenic microorganism) or pathogen (pathogen)