Question

150分悬赏：求求英语高手帮我翻译一下论文的摘要吧，非常感谢！越快越好，不要翻译器的！

清末甲午中日战争以后汉族知识分子的民族认同转变
The Change of Recognition to the Manchu Regime of Intellectuals of Han Nationality after the First Sino-Japanese War

内容摘要：甲午战争以后，清王朝面临空前的统治危机，特别是政权的合法性危机。与此同时，汉族的知识分子也经历了民族认同转变的历程，汉族意识开始普遍觉醒，民族主义观念开始增强。一部分维新派知识分子主张在满清统治的基础上进行改良，主张“不分满汉”的建构民族国家；而另一部分则走向了清王朝的反面，主张“种族革命”，彻底的推翻清王朝。在内外压力下，清王朝被迫做出了诸如戊戌变法、立宪新政等变革举措，可是仍然没有逆转形势，难逃灭亡的命运。本文试对这种转变原因和发生的转变情况及其对晚清政治结构及民族国家构建带来的影响做出一定的探讨。

关键词：汉族知识分子 “反满”思潮 民族主义 民族认同

Answer 1

【本人承诺，该译文绝对地道，不信LZ可以翻本人所回答过的问题，也可以拿给贵校的英语老师过目，true blue will never stain(真金不怕火炼)】
清末甲午中日战争以后汉族知识分子的民族认同转变
--The Transition of Han Chinese intellectuals’ National Identity after the First Sino-Japanese War [(1 August 1894 – 17 April 1895) between Qing Dynasty China and Meiji Japan]

关键词：汉族知识分子 “反满”思潮 民族主义 民族认同
【Key words】Han Chinese intellectuals, anti-Manchurian climate, nationalism, national identity
内容摘要：甲午战争以后，清王朝面临空前的统治危机，特别是政权的合法性危机。与此同时，汉族的知识分子也经历了民族认同转变的历程，汉族意识开始普遍觉醒，民族主义观念开始增强。一部分维新派知识分子主张在满清统治的基础上进行改良，主张“不分满汉”的建构民族国家；而另一部分则走向了清王朝的反面，主张“种族革命”，彻底的推翻清王朝。在内外压力下，清王朝被迫做出了诸如戊戌变法、立宪新政等变革举措，可是仍然没有逆转形势，难逃灭亡的命运。本文试对这种转变原因和发生的转变情况及其对晚清政治结构及民族国家构建带来的影响做出一定的探讨。
--【Abstract】After the First Sino-Japanese War, the Qing Dynasty was confronted with unheard-of dominion crisis, especially the crisis of regime legality. In the meantime, Han Chinese intellectuals also underwent the transition journey of national identity, and the awareness of the Han nationality began to awaken universally, furthermore, the concept of nationalism began to heighten. Some reformist intellectuals argued that the reformation should be made based on the Manchu Dynasty, and the national state should be constructed irrespective of Manchu or Han nationality; whereas the others turned into the opposite side of the Qing Dynasty, holding that racial revolution should be made to topple the Qing Dynasty to the core. Under the domestic and oversea pressure, the Qing Dynasty was compelled to implement such reforming moves as Hundred Days' Reform [a failed 104-day national cultural, political and educational reform movement from 11 June to 21 September 1898 in late Qing Dynasty China], and the Constitutionalism & the New Deal [1901-1911], however, these moves didn’t tip the scales, thus the Qing Dynasty ending up with a downfall. This passage will probe into such transition reasons and arising circumstances and its produced impact on political structure in the late Qing Dynasty and the construction of national state.

Answer 2

Content abstract: after the fisrt sino-japanese war, Manchu Regime faced unprecedented rule crisis, especially the regime legitimacy crisis. Meanwhile the intellectuals Intellectuals of Han Nationality also experienced a process of ethnic identity, han nationality consciousness started to awaken, nationalist ideas began to increase. Part of the intellectuals claim to improve which based on the manchu rule, proposed "regardless of the construction of the full national han"; But another part trend to the opposite of Manchu regime, proposed "race revolution", to overthrow Manchu regime thoroughly. Under internal and external pressure, the Manchu regime was forced to make Hundred Days Reform, consitutionalism etc. revolution measurements,however, it couldn't changeover the situation, suffered the fate of destruction. This paper tries to discuss this change reasons and happened changement situation, and political structure and the impact of the establishment of nation in late Manchu regime.

Keywords: Intellectuals of Han Nationality ,"against Manchu regime " trend of thought, nationalism, national identification

纯手工打造，供楼主参考

Answer 3

首先，我觉得你的论文题目翻译的有点啰嗦。The Transformation of Chinese Intellectualists’ Indenty in Han Nationality After the Fist Sino-Japanese War应该更好一些。我所大写的这些首字母在论文标题中都要大写。

Abstract: After the first Sino-Japanese War, the Qing Dynasty was faced with a terrible crisis of governance. It was doubted about the validity of its regime. At the same time, the intellectualists of Han Dynasty experienced the transformations of the national identity. Their awareness of Han Dynasty began to be aroused and their opinions of nationalism started to be enforced. Some Reformists suggested that there should be a reform and should not be the racial discrimination towards the Han Dynasty. However, others stood on a quite different ground, strongly recognizing that they should overthrow the Man Dynasty by a revolution, allowing the Han Dynasty to be the dominating one. Under this circumstance, the Qing Dynasty was forced to take several actions, such as, the Hundred Days Reform, the Constitutional New Deal, and the like，but it did no good to its fate and it was overthrown by the Han Dynasty eventually. This context is here to discuss why this transformation happened, to tell the transformed condition in detail, and to discuss the revolution’s influence on both the structures of the politics and nation in later Qing Dynasty.
Key words: Chinese intellectualists Anti-Man mindset Nationalism National identity
本文属人工翻译，本人保证不含语法错误。希望能帮到你！写论文顺利。
对了，还有一点需要注意。在word里写英文的时候，每个标点符号后都要敲出一个空格来，要不然打印出来的文章不美观。

Answer 4

Abstract: After the Sino-Japanese war of 1894-1895, the Qing Dynasty faced unprecedented risk of regime, especially in the validity crisis of the regime. At the mean time, the intellectuals of Han Nationality were experiencing the transformation course of Nation Identity. The consciousness of the Han nation was universely aroused accompained with the enhancement of the sense of nationlism. Part of the intellectuals in reformers advocated to improve on the basis of Manchu Dynasty Regime to build a nation state "Regardless of Manchu and Han nationality"; while the other part walked to the opposite of Qing Dynasty regime and advoceated "Racial Revolution" to completely overthrow the Qing Dynasty. Under the inner and outer pressure, Qing Dynasty was forced to make reforms such as Wu Hsu Reform, Constitutional new policy and so on, but the sistuation was hardly to be reversed and the fate of extinction was unable to escape. The present study tends to make certain discussion on the cause and sistuation of the transformation and influences to the structure of late Qing Dynasty Regime and the construction of nation state.

Key words: the Intellectuals of Han Dynasty, "anti-Manchu" thought, Nationalism, National Identity

Answer 5

The Change of the Han Nationality Intellectuals' National Identification After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895

Abstract: After the Sino-Japanese war of 1894-1895, the Qing Dynasty was confronted with more ruling crises than ever before, especially the legitimacy of state power. Meanwhile, the Han nationality intellectuals went through the change of national identification, which meant their national consciousness began to be widely accepted and so did their nationalism. One part of them, the reformers, advocated a reform on the basis of the Qing government as well as a national state with no difference between the Man nationality and the Han nationality; the other part went against the Qing government, who maintained a national revolution to topple the rule of the Qing government. Under the pressure from within and without, the Qing government had to take such measures as the Reform Movement of 1898 and the New Deal of 1901. However, those could not change the fortune of Qing Dynasty's downfall.This thsis aims to discuss the reason for the change and its influence on political structure of late Qing government as well as on the construction of the national state.

Key words: the Han nationality intellectuals; trend of thought in anti-Man nationality; nationalism; national identification