Question

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英语姓氏的词源主要有：
1. 直接借用教名，如 Clinton.
2. 在教名上加上表示血统关系的词缀，如后缀-s, -son, -ing；前缀 M'-, Mc-, Mac-, Fitz- 等均表示某某之子或后代。
3. 在教名前附加表示身份的词缀，如 St.-, De-, Du=, La-, Le-.
4. 反映地名，地貌或环境特征的，如 Brook, Hill等。
5. 反映身份或职业的，如：Carter, Smith.
6. 反映个人特征的，如：Black, Longfellow.
7. 借用动植物名的，如 Bird, Rice.
8. 由双姓合并而来，如 Burne-Jones. 英语姓氏虽然出现较教名晚，但数量要多得多。常用的有：Smith, Miller, Johnson, Brown, Jones, Williams

Answer 1

origins of English surnames are mainly thoes as following :
1. Directly borrowed Christian name, such as： Clinton.
2. Add with affixes which expressed on the blood relationship , such as the suffix-s,-son,-ing; prefix M'-, Mc- , Mac-, Fitz-etc,whihc are expressed sons or offsprings.
3. Add that the identity of former additional affixes, such as the St .-, De-, Du =, La-, Le-.
4. Reflect the names, landscape or environmental features, such as Brook, Hill and so on.
5. Reflect the status or profession, such as: Carter, Smith.
6. Reflect the personal characteristics, such as: Black, Longfellow.
7. Use animal and plant names, such as Bird, Rice.
8. originate from the double surname combination, such as Burne-Jones. English surname given name despite the relatively late, but the number is much larger. Commonly used are: Smith, Miller, Johnson, Brown, Jones, Williams.