Question

急用.. 请帮忙翻译下！ 谢谢谢谢，不要电脑翻译的

Whenever two parties negotiate, the entire process occurs under two umbrella contexts, environmental and immediate. The environmental context refers to forces in the environment that are beyond the control of either party involved in the negotiations. The immediate context includes such aspects as the relative power of the negotiators and the nature of their interdependence factors over which the negotiators have influence and some measure of control. The Figure shows the conceptual framework for international business negotiations and the various dimensions of these contexts. The environmental context, in the outer circle, consists of eight dimensions; the immediate context, in the middle circle, consists of five. Both jointly have an impact on the process and outcome of negotiations.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS NEGOTIATIONS
We shall first explore the nature of the environmental context, the outer-most circle in the Figure. (1) The dimensions of the environmental context include legal and political pluralism, currency fluctuations and foreign exchange, foreign government controls and bureaucracy, instability and change, ideological and cultural differences, and the influence of external stakeholders.
Legal Pluralism
The principle of national sovereignty gives every nation-state the right to make laws that are supposedly in its national interests. An international business transaction must comply with the laws of the countries involved. Certain laws prohibit certain types of transactions. For example, the United States has legislation that lists the various types of technologies, particularly those with potential military applications, that are prohibited from being exported. When Cray Computer Company tried to sell a supercomputer to the Indian government, the U.S. disallowed the sale on the grounds that it was illegal because it hurt American national security interests.
In several countries, certain sectors of the economy, such as telecommunications and automobile manufacturing, are often kept off-limits to wholly owned foreign investments. For instance, a foreign company can enter the Indian and Chinese markets only by forming joint ventures with indigenous companies. General Motors, Ford, Volkswagen, and Mercedes have established manufacturing plants in India in joint ventures with Indian companies; Volkswagen, Citroen, and Peugeot have joint ventures in China. The joint venture requirement undoubtedly affected the negotiations between the two sides over other important aspects, such as managerial and quality control, global marketing rights, valuation of technology transferred, profit sharing, and royalty payments.

Answer 1

每当两党协商,整个过程发生在两种伞脉络、环境和直接的。指军队环境背景的环境中是无法控制的任何一方参与谈判。直接语境包括等方面相对权力的谈判代表他们的天性和相互依赖的因素影响,谈判人员和某种程度的控制。这个图展示了的概念框架的国际商务谈判中,各种维度的这些语境。环境背景,外圆,共有八个维度:直接语境中,在中间的圆圈,由5个。两者共同有影响的过程和结果的谈判。
环境背景的国际商务谈判中
我们应先探索大自然的环境背景下,outer-most圆图中。(1)环境背景的尺寸,包括法律和政治多元化、外汇汇率的波动,外国政府和官僚主义,不稳定的控制和改变的、思想的、文化的差异,以及外部利益相关者的影响。
法律多元主义
国家主权原则给每个民族国家权利作出法律被认为是在它的国家利益。一个国际性的商业交易,必须遵守中华人民共和国法律的国家参与。某些法律禁止某些类型的交易。例如,美国已经立法,列出了各种类型的技术,特别是那些潜在的军事用途,禁止被出口。当克雷电脑公司试图卖给一台超级计算机来印度政府,美国被出售的理由,这是不合法的,因为它伤害了美国的国家安全利益。
在一些国家,某些部门的经济,诸如通讯和汽车制造业的应用前景,是常常被禁止外商独资投资。例如,一家外国公司可以进入印度和中国的市场形成合资企业只有通过与当地的公司。通用汽车、福特、大众、和奔驰已经建立了制造工厂在合资企业,并在印度的印度公司、大众、雪铁龙、和标致公司已经在中国的合资企业。合资企业的要求毫无疑问影响双方的谈判在其他重要方面,如管理与质量控制,全球营销权,估值技术转让、利润共享、版税。