Question

麻烦大家帮我翻译成英文，写论文着急用的，不要在线翻译的那种.拜托各位了

国外电子商务条件下的物流解决方案
国外电子商务已非常发达，其电子商务条件下物流的解决方式以美国的物流中央化、日本的高效配送中心等最为典型：
1.美国——物流中央化。美国物流中央化的物流模式强调“整体化的物流管理系统”，是一种以整体利益为重，冲破按部门分管体制，统一从整体进行规划管理的管理方式。在市场营销方面，物流管理含分配计划、运输、仓储、市场研究、为用户服务五个过程。在流通和服务方面，物流管理过程含需求预测、订货过程、原材料购买、加工过程，即从原材料购买直至送达顾客的全部物资流通过程。
2.日本——高效配送中心。物流过程是：生产——流通——消费——还原(废物的再利用及生产资料的补足和再生产)。物流是非独立领域，受多种因素制约。物流(少库存多批发)与销售(多库存少批发)相互对立，必须利用统筹来获得整体成本最小的效果。物流的前提是企业的销售政策、商业管理、交易条件。
3.适应电子商务的一种全新的物流模式——物流代理.物流代理 (含义为第三方提供物流服务)。物流代理是“物流渠道中的专业化物流中间人，以签订合同的方式，在一定期间内，为其他公司提供的所有或某些方面的物流业务服务”。 从广义的角度与物流运行的角度看，它包括一切物流活动及发货人可以从专业物流代理商处得到的其他一些价值增值服务。提供这一服务是以发货人和物流代理商之间的正式合同为条件的。这一合同明确规定了服务费用、期限及相互责任等事项。狭义的物流代理专指本身没有固定资产但仍承接物流业务，借助外界力量，负责代替发货人完成整个物流过程的一种物流管理方式。物流代理公司承接了仓储、运输代理后，为减少费用的支出，同时又要使生产企业有利可图，就必须在整体上尽可能地加以统筹规划，使物流合理化。
四结论：电子商务条件下我国企业物流模式根据电子商务的发展情况和电子商务条件下物流的特点，结合国外发达国家的经验，我国企业在电子商务条件下可采取的物流模式主要有：
1.企业自营物流模式。企业自营物流是指企业自身经营物流业务，组建全资或控股的子公司完成企业物流配送业务。对于已开展普通商务的公司，可以建立基于Internet的电子销售商务系统，同时可以利用原有的物资资源承担电子商务的物流业务。拥有完善流通渠道包括物流渠道的制造商或经销商开展电子商务业务，比ISP、ICP或Internet经营者为从事电子商务而开辟销售渠道和物流系统更加方便。 国内从事普通销售业务的公司主要包括制造商、批发商、零售商等。制造商进行销售的倾向在20世纪90年代表现得比较明显，从专业分工的角度看，制造商的核心业务是商品开发、设计、制造，但越来越多的制造商不仅拥有庞大的销售网络，而且还有覆盖整个销售区域的物流配送网，国内大型制造商的生产人员可能只有3000-4000人，但营销人员却有一万多人，制造企业的物流设施普遍要比专业物流公司的物流设施先进。这些制造企业完全可以利用原有的物流网络和设施支持电子商务业务，开展电子商务不需要新增物流、配送投资。对这些企业来讲，比投资更为重要的是物流系统的设计和物流资源的合理规划。
2.第三方物流模式。第三方物流随着物流业的发展而发展，是指为适应电子商务发展而采用的一种全新的物流模式，又称物流代理，是物流专业化的重要形式。物流业发展到一定阶段必然会出现第三方物流，且它的占有率与物流业的水平之间有着非常紧密的相关性。第三方物流的发展程度反映和体现着一个国家物流业发展的整体水平。现代意义上的第三方物流是一个约有 10-15年历史的行业。第三方物流是现代物流服务发展的趋势所在，第三方物流作为我国物流业发展过程中一种新型的管理模式，已经过近几年实践的检验，并在实践中不断发展完善。

Answer 1

under the conditions of foreign e-commerce logistics solutions
Foreign electronic commerce has a very developed, the logistics solutions of the e-commerce conditions in central logistics American of efficient distribution center, Japan is the most typical:
1 America -- Logistics central. America logistics center of the logistics model emphasizes the "logistics management system" on the whole, is a kind of based on the overall interests, through according to the Department in charge system, unified planning and management mode of the whole. In marketing, logistics management, including transportation and warehousing, distribution planning, market research, customer servicefive processes. In the circulation and services, logistics management process including demand forecasting, order process, raw material procurement, processing process, from raw material purchase and delivery of all material circulation process customer.
2 Japan -- efficient distribution center. Logistics is the process of production circulation consumption: -- -- --reduction (waste recycling and production data complement and reproduction). Logistics is an independent field, is restricted by many factors. Logistics (less inventory and sales (wholesale) contradict) contradict each other, must use the plan to get the minimum overall cost effectiveness. Logistics is the premise of transaction of enterprisesales policy, business management, condition.
3 to adapt to a new logistics mode of e-commerce, logistics. Logistics Agency (meaning for logistics service for the third party). Logistics is a professional logistics center logistics channels, the way to contract, in a certain period of time, to provide for the other companies all or some aspects of logistics services". From a broad perspective and logistics operation point of view, it includes all the logistics activities and the shipper can be obtained from theprofessional logistics agent to some other value added services. To provide this service is based on a formal contract between the shipper and the logistics agent. The contract specifies the service cost, duration and mutual responsibility etc.. Logistics refers to the narrow itself has no fixed assets but still undertake the logistics business,with the external force, a logistics management mode instead of the shipper is responsible for the completion of the entire logistics process. Logistics Proxy Companies to undertake warehousing, transportation, in order to reducecosts, but also make the enterprise profitable, it must be on the whole as far as possible, to co-ordinate the planning, the rationalization of logistics.
Conclusion: four under the condition of e-commerce logistics mode of enterprises in China according to the characteristics of the development of electronic commerce and electronic commerce under the conditions oflogistics, combined with the advanced experience of the developed countries, Chinese enterprises can be takenunder the condition of electronic commerce logistics models include:
The logistics mode of enterprises 1. Logistics enterprises refers to the enterprises own business logistics business,set up wholly owned or holding subsidiary company to complete the enterprise logistics and distribution business.Has been carried out for ordinary business company, can set up sales of electronic commerce system based on Internet, at the same time we can use existing resources to bear the e-commerce logistics business. Has a perfectdistribution channels including logistics channels manufacturers or distributors to develop e-commerce business,compared to ISP, ICP or Internet operator is engaged in electronic commerce and to open up sales channels and logistics system more convenient. Engaged in domestic general sales business of the company mainly includemanufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, etc.. Manufacturers sales tendency in twentieth Century 90 showed more obvious, from the professional perspective, the core business of the manufacturer is product development, design,manufacturing, but more and more manufacturers not only has a huge sales network, logistics network but also covers the entire sales area, large domestic manufacturers of the production staff may be only the 3000-4000, but the marketing staff has more than ten thousand people, the manufacturing enterprise logistics facilities in generalthan the professional logistics company logistics facilities. The manufacturing enterprises can use the originallogistics network and facilities to support e-commerce business, e-commerce logistics, distribution and does not require additional investment. For these enterprises, the investment is more important than the rational planning of logistics system design and logistics resources.
2 of the third party logistics. The development of third party logistics with the development of the logistics industry,is a kind of new logistics mode used to adapt to the development of electronic commerce, also known as the logistics agency, is an important form of logistics professional. The development of the logistics industry to a certain stage will be the third party logistics, there is a close interrelation between the share and the level of the logistics industry. The degree of development of the third party logistics reflects the overall level of development of a national logistics industry. The third party logistics in the modern sense is a about 10-15 years of history of theindustry. The third party logistics is the development trend of modern logistics, third party logistics as a new management mode of development of the logistics industry in China, the inspection has been in recent yearspractice, and in practice continue to improve.