Question

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Judging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic (流行病) of sleepiness in the nation. “I can’t think of a single study that hasn’t found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to,” says Dr. David. Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more rest.
The beginning of our sleep-deficit (睡眠不足) crisis can be traced to the invention of the light bulb a century ago. From diary entries and other personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries, sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night. “The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark.” By the 1950s and 1960s, the sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically, to between 7.5 and eight hours, and most people had to wake to an alarm clock. “People cheat on their sleep, and they don’t even realize they’re doing it,” says Dr. David. “They think they’re okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours, when they really need 7.5, eight or even more to feel ideally vigorous.”
Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say is the complexity of the day. Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community mount, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on his programme. “In our society, you’re considered dynamic if you say you only need 5.5 hours’ sleep. If you’re got to get 8.5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition.”
To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. “We’ve found that if you’re in sleep deficit, performance suffers,” says Dr. David. “Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate.”

Answer 1

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Answer 2

翻译：
根据最近的调查研究，大多数的睡眠行为专家认为几乎全国存在一个睡眠的流行病。“我无法想象没有一个研究发现美国人其实睡的比他们事实上需要的少”David博士说。甚至那些认为他们拥有足够睡眠的人可能也需要更多的休息已获得更好的状态。
睡眠不足危机的开始能追溯到一个世纪前电灯发明的时候。从18世纪到19世纪的一些日记记录和个人的记载中，睡眠学家达成了一种共识，过去一个人的平均睡眠时间大约是9.5小时一个晚上。“当夜幕降临时，天黑了，人们在农场又无事可做，因此被迫形成了最好的睡眠习惯”。到20世纪50到60年代，睡眠时间急剧减少到只有7.5到8个小时每晚，而且大多数不得不被闹钟吵醒。“人们对睡眠自欺欺人，而且他们并没有意识到这点”, David博士说，“他们认为他们睡6.5个小时就可以了，尽管他们其实需要7.5，8个甚至更久来获得最佳状态”。
研究者说也许最残酷地剥夺人睡眠时间的也许是日常的难事。当来自生活、家庭、朋友和社会的压力增加时，很多人会认为睡觉是最不费事的一件事。“在我们社会，如果你说你只需要睡5.5个小时就会被认为你很有活力。如果你说你习惯睡8.5个小时，人们就会认为你缺乏动力和上进心。
为了调查睡眠不足的后果，研究者开展了一些列的心理与效能测试，比如，增加塔器的数量或者回忆几分钟前读过的一篇文章。“我们发现如果你睡眠不足的话，效能就会下降”David博士说，“短期记忆力下降了，做决定和集中精力的能力也下降了”。