Question

帮忙翻译成英语，不要用翻译器，错的太多了，谢谢

水电站建筑物
水电站是利用水能资源发电的场所，是水、机、电的综合体。其中为了实现水力发电，用来控制水流的建筑物称为水电站建筑物。本篇主要讨论水电站引水系统的布置、结构设计和水力计算；水电站厂区枢纽的布置设计和结构特点。
水电站的基本开发方式及其布置形式
由N = 9.81ηQH可知，要发电必须有流量和水头，关键是形成水头。
要充分利用河流的水能资源，首先要使水电站的上、下游形成一定的落差，构成发电水头。因此就开发河流水能的水电站而言，按其集中水头的方式不同分为坝式、引水式和混合式三种基本方式。
抽水蓄能电站和潮汐电站也是水能利用的重要型式。
形成水头方式——水电站的开发方式。
一、坝式水电站
在河流峡谷处拦河筑坝，坝前雍水，在坝址处形成集中落差，这种开发方式为坝式开发。在坝址处引取上游水库中水流，通过设在水电站厂房内的水轮机，发电后将尾水引至下游原河道，上下游的水位差即是水电站所获取的水头。用坝集中水头的水电站称为坝式水电站。
(一) 坝式水电站特点
(1) 坝式水电站的水头取决于坝高。目前坝式水电站的最大水头不超过300m。
(2) 坝式水电站的引用流量较大，电站的规模也大，水能利用较充分。(由于筑坝，上游形成的水库，可以用来调节流量）目前世界上装机容量超过2 000MW的巨型水电站大都是坝式水电站。此外坝式水电站水库的综合利用效益高，可同时满足防洪、发电、供水等兴利要求。
(3) 坝式水电站的投资大，工期长。原因：工程规模大，水库造成的淹没范围大，迁移人口多。
适用：河道坡降较缓，流量较大，并有筑坝建库的条件。
(二) 坝式水电站的形式
1．河床式电站(power station in river channel)
—— 一般修建在河道中下游河道纵坡平缓的河段上，为避免大量淹没，建低坝或闸。
—— 适用水头：大中型：25米以下，小型：8~10米以下。
——厂房和挡水坝并排建在河床中，共同挡水，故厂房也有抗滑稳定问题；
——厂房高度取决于水头的高低。
——引用流量大、水头低。
——主要包括：挡水坝、泄水坝、厂房、船闸、鱼道等。
2．坝后式水电站(power staion at dam toe)
——当水头较大时，厂房本身抵抗不了水的推力，将厂房移到坝后，由大坝挡水。
——坝后式水电站一般修建在河流的中上游。
——库容较大，调节性能好。
——如为土坝，可修建河岸式电站。
——举世瞩目的三峡水电站就是坝后式水电站，其装机容量为18 200MW。
二、引水式水电站(diversion type power station)
在河流坡降陡的河段上筑一低坝(或无坝)取水，通过人工修建的引水道(渠道、隧洞、管道)引水到河段下游，集中落差，再经压力管道引水到水轮机进行发电。用引水道集中水头的电站称为引水式水电站。
特点：(1) 水头相对较高，目前最大水头已达2000米以上。
(2) 引用流量较小，没有水库调节径流，水量利用率较低，综合利用价值较差。
(3) 电站库容很小，基本无水库淹没损失，工程量较小，单位造价较低。
类型：(1) 无压引水式(free flow)：引水道是无压的(如明渠)
(2) 有压引水式(pressure flow)：引水道是有压的(压力隧洞)
适用条件： 适合河道坡降较陡，流量较小的山区性河段。
1． 无压引水式电站
引水建筑物是无压的：明渠(open channel)、无压隧洞(free flow tunnel)
主要建筑物：低坝，进水口，沉沙池，引水渠(洞)，日调节池，压力前池，压力水管，厂房，尾水渠。
2．有压引水式电站
引水建筑物是有压的：压力隧洞(pressure tunnel)
主要建筑物：低坝，引水隧洞(有压)，调压室，压力水管，厂房，尾水渠

Answer 1

Hydropower station building
Hydropower station is generating using water resources, is water, place a complex of machine, electricity. Among them in order to achieve the hydroelectric power, is used to control the flow of buildings called hydropower station buildings. This mainly discuss the layout, hydropower diversion system structure design and hydraulic calculation; Hydropower plant layout design and hub of the structure characteristics.
The basic development mode and hydropower decorate a form
η by N = 9.81 QH knowable, to power must flow and head, the key is to form a head.
Take full advantage of the river's water resources of hydropower station, the first to make, downstream formed certain gap, constitute power head. So for the river water hydropower development, according to the different ways of centralized head into dam type, diversion type and hybrid three basic forms.
Pumped-storage power station and the tides of hydropower station is an important type using.
The way -- formed head hydropower development mode.
A, dam type hydropower station
In river canyon place dammed rivers, in front of the dam harmony water, the dam site, form concentrated gap, this development way as the dam type development. In reservoir upstream dam site of the led take, through the workshop in hydropower station turbine generating tail water, after which leads to the river downstream, upstream and downstream water level difference is obtained that the head hydropower. With the centralized head hydropower dam called dam type hydropower station.
(a) hydropower dam type characteristic
(1) the head hydropower dam type depends on the dam is high. At present the biggest head hydropower dam type does not exceed the correlation between 300m.
(2) dam type of hydropower station is larger, the power station quoted flow water use, scale is fully. (because the reservoir formation DAMS, upstream, can be used to adjust flow) in the world at present more than two 000MW installed capacity of large scale hydropower station is mostly dam type hydropower station. Besides dam type the comprehensive utilization of hydropower reservoir with high benefit, but at the same time satisfy the flood control, power generation, and water demand bringing.
(3) hydropower dam type, attentions investment. Reason: engineering with large size, caused by the large range of reservoir, migrants flooded.
Application: slower, flow channel slope, and a large DAMS built libraries conditions.
(2) hydropower dam type of form
1. The riverbed type power station (power in river now any)
- general built in the middle ZongPo gentle river channel, to avoid massive river flooded low dam or sluice gate, built.
For large and medium-sized: head: -- 25 meters below, small: 8 ~ 10 meters below.
-- plant and block dam built on the riverbed side-by-side, common retaining water, reason workshop also have sliding stability problem;
- building height depends on the discretion of the head.
-- quote large flow, head low.
-- mainly includes: block DAMS, xiang-jia-ba dam, workshops, lock, the fishway etc.
2. Type of hydropower station dam at dam toe staion (power)
-- when head is bigger, workshop itself can not withstand the water thrust, will plant moved to dam by retaining water after the dam.
- general dam type hydropower station built on the upper-middle river.
-- is larger, the capacity of the regulation performance.
- such as can be built for volumetric, Banks type power station.
The three gorges hydropower station -- high-profile dam type hydropower station is, its an installed capacity of 200MW for eighteen.
Second, water diversion type power of hydropower station (now)
In rivers on the slope steep river build one low dam (or no dam) water, through the man-made YinShuiDao (channel, tunnel, pipeline) river diversion to downstream, and centralized divide pressure pipeline, then after water diversion to turbine to conduct electricity. YinShuiDao concentrated with the power station called water head of hydropower station.
Characteristics: (1) head is relative taller, and the biggest head has reached 2,000 meters above.
(2) quoted flow small, no reservoir water runoff regulation, lower utilization rate, comprehensive utilization value is poorer.
(3) power station capacity is very small, basic no reservoir submerged loss, quantity is lesser, unit cost is low.
Type: (1) no pressure water type (free) : YinShuiDao is blunt without pressure (such as channel)
(2) there is pressure water type (pressure YinShuiDao blunt) : there is pressure (pressure tunnel)
Applicable condition: suitable for river channel slope steep, flow of smaller mountain OuXing inlets.
1. No pressure water type power station
Water diversion buildings is without pressure: any open channel (open), blunt free-flow tunnel (how) copy
Main buildings: low dam, inlet, settling basin, pont du gard (hole), daily regulation pool, pressure, pressure conduit previous pool, plant, water discharge canals.
2. Have pressure water type power station
The building is a pressure diversion tunnel (pressure stress how)
Main buildings: low dam, diversion tunnel (pressure), surge chamber pressure conduit, factory, and ash
水电站建筑物
水电站是利用水能资源发电的场所，是水、机、电的综合体。其中为了实现水力发电，用来控制水流的建筑物称为水电站建筑物。本篇主要讨论水电站引水系统的布置、结构设计和水力计算；水电站厂区枢纽的布置设计和结构特点。
水电站的基本开发方式及其布置形式
由N = 9.81ηQH可知，要发电必须有流量和水头，关键是形成水头。
要充分利用河流的水能资源，首先要使水电站的上、下游形成一定的落差，构成发电水头。因此就开发河流水能的水电站而言，按其集中水头的方式不同分为坝式、引水式和混合式三种基本方式。
抽水蓄能电站和潮汐电站也是水能利用的重要型式。
形成水头方式——水电站的开发方式。
一、坝式水电站
在河流峡谷处拦河筑坝，坝前雍水，在坝址处形成集中落差，这种开发方式为坝式开发。在坝址处引取上游水库中水流，通过设在水电站厂房内的水轮机，发电后将尾水引至下游原河道，上下游的水位差即是水电站所获取的水头。用坝集中水头的水电站称为坝式水电站。
(一) 坝式水电站特点
(1) 坝式水电站的水头取决于坝高。目前坝式水电站的最大水头不超过300m。
(2) 坝式水电站的引用流量较大，电站的规模也大，水能利用较充分。(由于筑坝，上游形成的水库，可以用来调节流量）目前世界上装机容量超过2 000MW的巨型水电站大都是坝式水电站。此外坝式水电站水库的综合利用效益高，可同时满足防洪、发电、供水等兴利要求。
(3) 坝式水电站的投资大，工期长。原因：工程规模大，水库造成的淹没范围大，迁移人口多。
适用：河道坡降较缓，流量较大，并有筑坝建库的条件。
(二) 坝式水电站的形式
1．河床式电站(power station in river channel)
—— 一般修建在河道中下游河道纵坡平缓的河段上，为避免大量淹没，建低坝或闸。
—— 适用水头：大中型：25米以下，小型：8~10米以下。
——厂房和挡水坝并排建在河床中，共同挡水，故厂房也有抗滑稳定问题；
——厂房高度取决于水头的高低。
——引用流量大、水头低。
——主要包括：挡水坝、泄水坝、厂房、船闸、鱼道等。
2．坝后式水电站(power staion at dam toe)
——当水头较大时，厂房本身抵抗不了水的推力，将厂房移到坝后，由大坝挡水。
——坝后式水电站一般修建在河流的中上游。
——库容较大，调节性能好。
——如为土坝，可修建河岸式电站。
——举世瞩目的三峡水电站就是坝后式水电站，其装机容量为18 200MW。
二、引水式水电站(diversion type power station)
在河流坡降陡的河段上筑一低坝(或无坝)取水，通过人工修建的引水道(渠道、隧洞、管道)引水到河段下游，集中落差，再经压力管道引水到水轮机进行发电。用引水道集中水头的电站称为引水式水电站。
特点：(1) 水头相对较高，目前最大水头已达2000米以上。
(2) 引用流量较小，没有水库调节径流，水量利用率较低，综合利用价值较差。
(3) 电站库容很小，基本无水库淹没损失，工程量较小，单位造价较低。
类型：(1) 无压引水式(free flow)：引水道是无压的(如明渠)
(2) 有压引水式(pressure flow)：引水道是有压的(压力隧洞)
适用条件： 适合河道坡降较陡，流量较小的山区性河段。
1． 无压引水式电站
引水建筑物是无压的：明渠(open channel)、无压隧洞(free flow tunnel)
主要建筑物：低坝，进水口，沉沙池，引水渠(洞)，日调节池，压力前池，压力水管，厂房，尾水渠。
2．有压引水式电站
引水建筑物是有压的：压力隧洞(pressure tunnel)
主要建筑物：低坝，引水隧洞(有压)，调压室，压力水管，厂房，尾水渠

Answer 2

Hydropower station building Hydropower station is generating using water resources, is water, place a complex of machine, electricity. Among them in order to achieve the hydroelectric power, is used to control the flow of buildings called hydropower station buildings. This mainly discuss the layout, hydropower diversion system structure design and hydraulic calculation; Hydropower plant layout design and hub of the structure characteristics. The basic development mode and hydropower decorate a form η by N = 9.81 QH knowable, to power must flow and head, the key is to form a head. Take full advantage of the river's water resources of hydropower station, the first to make, downstream formed certain gap, constitute power head. So for the river water hydropower development, according to the different ways of centralized head into dam type, diversion type and hybrid three basic forms. Pumped-storage power station and the tides of hydropower station is an important type using. The way -- formed head hydropower development mode. A, dam type hydropower station In river canyon place dammed rivers, in front of the dam harmony water, the dam site, form concentrated gap, this development way as the dam type development. In reservoir upstream dam site of the led take, through the workshop in hydropower station turbine generating tail water, after which leads to the river downstream, upstream and downstream water level difference is obtained that the head hydropower. With the centralized head hydropower dam called dam type hydropower station. (a) hydropower dam type characteristic (1) the head hydropower dam type depends on the dam is high. At present the biggest head hydropower dam type does not exceed the correlation between 300m. (2) dam type of hydropower station is larger, the power station quoted flow water use, scale is fully. (because the reservoir formation DAMS, upstream, can be used to adjust flow) in the world at present more than two 000MW installed capacity of large scale hydropower station is mostly dam type hydropower station. Besides dam type the comprehensive utilization of hydropower reservoir with high benefit, but at the same time satisfy the flood control, power generation, and water demand bringing. (3) hydropower dam type, attentions investment. Reason: engineering with large size, caused by the large range of reservoir, migrants flooded. Application: slower, flow channel slope, and a large DAMS built libraries conditions. (2) hydropower dam type of form 1. The riverbed type power station (power in river now any) - general built in the middle ZongPo gentle river channel, to avoid massive river flooded low dam or sluice gate, built. For large and medium-sized: head: -- 25 meters below, small: 8 ~ 10 meters below. -- plant and block dam built on the riverbed side-by-side, common retaining water, reason workshop also have sliding stability problem; - building height depends on the discretion of the head. -- quote large flow, head low. -- mainly includes: block DAMS, xiang-jia-ba dam, workshops, lock, the fishway etc. 2. Type of hydropower station dam at dam toe staion (power) -- when head is bigger, workshop itself can not withstand the water thrust, will plant moved to dam by retaining water after the dam. - general dam type hydropower station built on the upper-middle river. -- is larger, the capacity of the regulation performance. - such as can be built for volumetric, Banks type power station. The three gorges hydropower station -- high-profile dam type hydropower station is, its an installed capacity of 200MW for eighteen. Second, water diversion type power of hydropower station (now) In rivers on the slope steep river build one low dam (or no dam) water, through the man-made YinShuiDao (channel, tunnel, pipeline) river diversion to downstream, and centralized divide pressure pipeline, then after water diversion to turbine to conduct electricity. YinShuiDao concentrated with the power station called water head of hydropower station. Characteristics: (1) head is relative taller, and the biggest head has reached 2,000 meters above. (2) quoted flow small, no reservoir water runoff regulation, lower utilization rate, comprehensive utilization value is poorer. (3) power station capacity is very small, basic no reservoir submerged loss, quantity is lesser, unit cost is low. Type: (1) no pressure water type (free) : YinShuiDao is blunt without pressure (such as channel) (2) there is pressure water type (pressure YinShuiDao blunt) : there is pressure (pressure tunnel) Applicable condition: suitable for river channel slope steep, flow of smaller mountain OuXing inlets. 1. No pressure water type power station Water diversion buildings is without pressure: any open channel (open), blunt free-flow tunnel (how) copy Main buildings: low dam, inlet, settling basin, pont du gard (hole), daily regulation pool, pressure, pressure conduit previous pool, plant, water discharge canals. 2. Have pressure water type power station The building is a pressure diversion tunnel (pressure stress how) Main buildings: low dam, diversion tunnel (pressure), surge chamber pressure conduit, factory, and ash

Answer 3

, place a complex of machine, electricity. Among them in order to achieve the hydroelectric power, is used to control the flow of buildings called hydropower station buildings. This mainly discuss the layout, hydropower diversion system structure design and hydraulic calculation; Hydropower plant layout design and hub of the structure characteristics. The basic development mode and hydropower decorate a form η by N = 9.81 QH knowable, to power must flow and head, the key is to form a head. Take full advantage of the river's water resources of hydropower station, the first to make, downstream formed certain gap, constitute power head. So for the river water hydropower development, according to the different ways of centralized head into dam type, diversion type and hybrid three basic forms. Pumped-storage power station and the tides of hydropower station is an important type using. The way -- formed head hydropower development mode. A, dam type hydropower station In river canyon place dammed rivers, in front of the dam harmony water, the dam site, form concentrated gap, this development way as the dam type development. In reservoir upstream dam site of the led take, through the workshop in hydropower station turbine generating tail water, after which leads to the river downstream, upstream and downstream water level difference is obtained that the head hydropower. With the centralized head hydropower dam called dam type hydropower station. (a) hydropower dam type characteristic (1) the head hydropower dam type depends on the dam is high. At present the biggest head hydropower dam type does not exceed the correlation between 300m. (2) dam type of hydropower station is larger, the power station quoted flow water use, scale is fully. (because the reservoir formation DAMS, upstream, can be used to adjust flow) in the world at present more than two 000MW installed capacity of large scale hydropower station is mostly dam type hydropower station. Besides dam type the comprehensive utilization of hydropower reservoir with high benefit, but at the same time satisfy the flood control, power generation, and water demand bringing. (3) hydropower dam type, attentions investment. Reason: engineering with large size, caused by the large range of reservoir, migrants flooded. Application: slower, flow channel slope, and a large DAMS built libraries conditions. (2) hydropower dam type of form 1. The riverbed type power station (power in river now any) - general built in the middle ZongPo gentle river channel, to avoid massive river flooded low dam or sluice gate, built. For large and medium-sized: head: -- 25 meters below, small: 8 ~ 10 meters below. -- plant and block dam built on the riverbed side-by-side, common retaining water, reason workshop also have sliding stability problem; - building height depends on the discretion of the head. -- quote large flow, head low. -- mainly includes: block DAMS, xiang-jia-ba dam, workshops, lock, the fishway etc. 2. Type of hydropower station dam at dam toe staion (power) -- when head is bigger, workshop itself can not withstand the water thrust, will plant moved to dam by retaining water after the dam. - general dam type hydropower station built on the upper-middle river. -- is larger, the capacity of the regulation performance. - such as can be built for volumetric, Banks type power station. The three gorges hydropower station -- high-profile dam type hydropower station is, its an installed capacity of 200MW for eighteen. Second, water diversion type power of hydropower station (now) In rivers on the slope steep river build one low dam (or no dam) water, through the man-made YinShuiDao (channel, tunnel, pipeline) river diversion to downstream, and centralized divide pressure pipeline, then after water diversion to turbine to conduct electricity. YinShuiDao concentrated with the power station called water head of hydropower station. Characteristics: (1) head is relative taller, and the biggest head has reached 2,000 meters above. (2) quoted flow small, no reservoir water runoff regulation, lower utilization rate, comprehensive utilization value is poorer. (3) power station capacity is very small, basic no reservoir submerged loss, quantity is lesser, unit cost is low. Type: (1) no pressure water type (free) : YinShuiDao is blunt without pressure (such as channel) (2) there is pressure water type (pressure YinShuiDao blunt) : there is pressure (pressure tunnel) Applicable condition: suitable for river channel slope steep, flow of smaller mountain OuXing inlets. 1. No pressure water type power station Water diversion buildings is without pressure: any open channel (open), blunt free-flow tunnel (how) copy Main buildings: low dam, inlet, settling basin, pont du gard (hole), daily regulation pool, pressure, pressure conduit previous pool, plant, water discharge canals.power .station The building is a pressure diversion tunnel (pressure stress how) Main buildings: low dam, diversion tunnel (pressure), surge chamber pressure conduit, factory, and ash