Question

介绍一些著名的交响乐

不要只给一个网站，最好把贝多芬，莫扎特等人超级有名，大家经常听但是不知道交响乐名称的介绍一下。
谢谢

Answer 1

路德维希·冯·贝多芬出生在莱茵河畔波恩城的一个音乐世家里，是伟大的德国作曲家、维也纳古典乐派代表人物之一。

贝多芬一生坎坷，没有建立家庭。二十六岁开始耳聋，晚年全聋，只能通过谈话册与人交谈。但孤寂的生活并没有使他沉默和隐退，1789年法国资产阶级革命进步思想意识给他许多启发，奠定了他人文主义世界观的基础—人类平等、追求正义和个性自由，憎恨封建专制的压迫。他曾说：“一年的自由比一百年的专制主义对人类有用得多”。

尽管出生于音乐世家，而且从小就开始学习钢琴和提琴，但贝多芬并非莫扎特式的神童，他的创作并非一挥而就，而是孜孜不倦地修改草稿直至感到满意为止。其早期作品具有海顿和莫扎特的风格，但后来发展了一种完全属于他自己的形式，其作品个性鲜明，较前人有很大的发展。在音乐表现上，贝多芬几乎涉及当时所有的音乐体裁，大大提高了钢琴的表现力，使之获得交响性的戏剧效果；又使交响曲成为直接反映社会变革的重要音乐形式。

贝多芬一生的作品虽然不太多，但他却被公认为是世界上最伟大的音乐家。之所以赢得如此高的声誉，关键在于他集卓越的音乐天赋和热情奔放的性格于一身，有崇高的理想和强烈的社会责任感，有坚韧不拔的意志和不屈不挠的毅力。他以深刻、锐利的眼光，敏感地把握住了时代和社会的脉搏，他的作品不仅体现了他巨人般的性格，而且反映了人民的苦难、奋斗和希望，因而具备了鲜明的社会性和深刻的哲理性。他为人类留下了一笔永恒的宝藏，对世界音乐的发展产生了巨大的影响，被尊称为“乐圣”。

贝多芬的主要作品也是最重要的作品是交响音乐，其中又以九部交响曲占首要地位。这些家喻户晓的作品有：降E大调第3交响曲《英雄》、C大调第5交响曲《命运》、F大调第6交响曲《田园》、A大调第7交响曲、d小调第9交响曲《合唱》(《欢乐颂》)、序曲《爱格蒙特》、序曲《柯利奥兰》、降E大调第5号钢琴协奏曲《皇帝》、D大调小提琴协奏曲、C大调第9弦乐四重奏《拉祖莫夫斯基》第三号、c小调第8钢琴奏鸣曲《悲怆》、升c小调第14钢琴奏鸣曲《月光》、F大调第5钢琴奏鸣曲《春天》、F大调第2号浪漫曲。

路德维希.凡.贝多芬，1770年12月16日诞生于莱茵河畔的小城市波恩。

贝多芬的父亲是当地唱诗班的男高音，是一个经常醇酒的蠢汉。他的母亲是女仆，这是个清贫的家庭。

贝多芬是一个典型的神童音乐家。由于他在音乐上的早慧，十二岁时就被人拿来同名垂青史的音乐神童莫扎特相提并论。他愚蠢的父亲急切地想利用这一点来赚取名利，逼迫小贝多芬整天练琴和演出，稍不如意就毒打他。在贝多芬的记忆中，他根本就没有享受过父爱。
上天又偏偏赐给贝多芬一副粗陋的外表，外加身材矮小粗壮－即使成年后也不过1.58米，他的外貌使他从小就遭人讥笑，成年后也难于幸免。

清贫的家庭，粗暴愚蠢的父亲，不惹人喜欢的外貌，所有这些构成了贝多芬不愉快的童年，形成了他以后的反叛性格和强势作风，也造成了他成年后粗俗的言谈举止。贝多芬被许多同时代的人描述成“粗鲁、固执、脾气暴躁，只要心情稍有不好，就随时随地乱吐痰。”

大约在十二岁左右，小贝多芬在波恩遇见了一位相当好的导师－尼弗。正是尼弗扩大了贝多芬的艺术视野，使他在不幸的童年中没有厌恶音乐，并奠定了他的最初的音乐风格，使他十三岁就成为管风琴师，并创作了三首奏鸣曲。

1787年，贝多芬动身去当时的音乐之都维也纳，并拜见了莫扎特。当时十七岁的贝多芬默默无闻，而莫扎特早已名满欧洲。可能贝多芬的相貌太一般了，连莫扎特也看走了眼，对这个年经人并没有太大的兴趣。他给了一段音乐让他用钢琴即兴发挥，自己却到隔壁屋子和别人聊天。然而邻屋充满灵感和气势的音乐使得莫扎特不由自主地又跑回钢琴旁－作为伟大的音乐家，莫扎特对于音乐的感悟力是非凡的。他从这个年经人的琴声中听到了无穷的创造力和灵感，因此一俟演奏完毕，莫扎特便对屋内的人说：“注意这个年经人！......有朝一日，他会震惊世界！”

接着似乎该是一段“千里马遇伯乐”的传世美谈，然而却什么都没有发生，因为随后传来了贝多芬的母亲辞世的噩耗。这使两位音乐史上最伟大的音乐家令人遗憾地分手，从此再未谋面。四年后，一代音乐大师莫扎特以35岁的年龄英年早逝，而此时二十一岁的贝多芬尚在波恩肩负着家庭的重担。

在贝多芬不幸的童年中，母爱可能是他唯一的美好记忆，十七岁丧母对贝多芬的打击非同一般。与此同时，他还要担起这个无人照管的家庭－－两个未成年的弟弟和一个不争气的父亲。

在艰辛的日子里，只有在与布朗宁一家的交往中，贝多芬才得到一点安慰和支持。伊丽奥诺.布朗宁是他的学生，比他小两岁，贝多芬对她怀有温柔的感情。当她后来与一位善良的医生结婚后，贝多芬就将这种感情转为永恒的友谊并保持终生。贝多芬也从乡野景色中找到了安慰－－波恩那鲜花满枝，绿树成荫的小径，经及壮丽浩瀚的莱茵河，以宽广的胸怀接纳了这个日渐忧郁的年轻音乐家。贝多芬终生对大自然充满热爱的情感，他音乐中宽广的意境和淳朴的旋律直接发源于此。

1792年贝多芬被帝侯亲王派到维也纳继续深造，此后就在那里永久定居下来。

作为卓越的钢琴家，贝多芬受到维也纳上层社会的热情欢迎，同时他在维也纳拜师学艺，其中有著名作曲家海顿。海顿尽管喜欢贝多芬的才能，但心中并不十分喜欢他的性格，因为年轻的贝多芬有太多的热情和怪异的念头了。同时，贝多芬也并不喜欢海顿。这也难怪，全身都是叛逆的贝多芬，怎么能和幽默轻松的“海顿爸爸”谈到一起来呢？

贝多芬1802年以前的创作，被音乐史上称为贝多芬的第一期风格。这些作品大都是些小型曲目，著名的只有钢琴奏鸣曲《悲怆》，《月光》，小提琴奏鸣曲《克罗采》和《第三钢琴协奏曲》。此时的贝多芬处于创作的准备阶段－为了密切地观察生活中的伟大变革，为了总结18世纪的音乐成果并运用它来反映急剧变化的现实，为了选择适合于他的个性的新的创作手法，所有这些都需要花费时间和精力去进行紧张的探索。这个时期仿佛是“十年面壁”，是贝多芬音乐创作的酝酿期。

这种酝酿有外在的条件－1789年爆发了震惊世界的法国大革命。当时的波恩大学是各种进步思想的摇篮，贝多芬经常在波恩大学旁听，并如饥似渴地学习人类自古以来伟大的精神成果：从历史文献到哲学，从荷马、莎士比亚到席勒、歌德。在学习的岁月和革命的年代中，贝多芬奠定了他人文主义世界观的基础－－深信人类平等，追求正义和个性自由。

法国大革命催生了众多的历史巨人，贝多芬就是其中的卓越代表。法国大革命就象一条巨大的山脉，将贝多芬和另两位古典音乐大师海顿、莫扎特分隔开来。正是由于继承了前辈深厚的传统，同时又得到了自由气息的滋养，贝多芬得以创造出音乐史上又一风光无限的高峰。

路德维希·凡·贝多芬 (Ludwig van Beethoven, 1770.12.17.-1827.3.26.)
一七九二年，二十二岁的路德维希·凡·贝多芬从波恩来到维也纳，一直到他一八二七年逝世，他就从未离开过这座对音乐家特别有吸引力的城市。贝多芬的绝大部分作品是在这里创作的。他的九部交响曲全都在维也纳举行了首演式。一八零五年，他唯一的一部歌剧创作《费德里奥》也在维也纳的国家歌剧院举行了首演。贝多芬被后人认为是有史以来最伟大的交响曲作家。他的《英雄交响曲》充满了激情。他的第九部交响曲取材於德国诗人席勒的《欢乐颂》，如今已经成为欧盟的盟歌。
He studied first with his father, Johann, a singer and instrumentalist in the service of the Elector of Cologne at Bonn, but mainly with C.G. Neefe, court organist. At 11 ½ he was able to deputize for Neefe; at 12 he had some music published. In 1787 he went to Vienna, but quickly returned on hearing that his mother was dying. Five years later he went back to Vienna, where he settled. He pursued his studies, first with Haydn, but there was some clash of temperaments and Beethoven studied too with Schenk, Albrechtsberger and Salieri. Until 1794 he was supported by the Elector at Bonn but he found patrons among the music-loving Viennese aristocracy and soon enjoyed success as a piano virtuoso, playing at private houses or palaces rather than in public. His public debut was in 1795; about the same time his first important publications appeared, three piano trios op.l and three piano sonatas op.2. As a pianist, it was reported, he had fire, brilliance and fantasy as well as depth of feeling. It is naturally in the piano sonatas, writing for his own instrument, that he is at his most original in this period; the Pathetique belongs to 1799, the Moonlight ('Sonata quasi una fantasia') to 1801, and these represent only the most obvious innovations in style and emotional content. These years also saw the composition of his first three piano concertos, his first two symphonies and a set of six string quartets op.l8.

1802, however, was a year of crisis for Beethoven, with his realization that the impaired hearing he had noticed for some time was incurable and sure to worsen. That autumn, at a village outside Vienna, Heiligenstadt, he wrote a will-like document, addressed to his two brothers, describing his bitter unhappiness over his affliction in terms suggesting that he thought death was near. But he came through with his determination strengthened and entered a new creative phase, generally called his 'middle period'. It is characterized by a heroic tone, evident in the Eroica Symphony (no.3, originally to have been dedicated not to a noble patron but to Napoleon), in Symphony no.5, where the sombre mood of the c Minor first movement ('Fate knocking on the door') ultimately yields to a triumphant C Major finale with piccolo, trombones and percussion added to the orchestra, and in his opera Fidelio. Here the heroic theme is made explicit by the story, in which (in the post-French Revolution 'rescue opera' tradition) a wife saves her imprisoned husband from murder at the hands of his oppressive political enemy. The three string quartets of this period, op.59, are similarly heroic in scale: the first, lasting some 45 minutes, is conceived with great breadth, and it too embodies a sense of triumph as the intense f Minor Adagio gives way to a jubilant finale in the major embodying (at the request of the dedicatee, Count Razumovsky) a Russian folk melody.

Fidelio, unsuccessful at its premiere, was twice revised by Beethoven and his librettists and successful in its final version of 1814. Here there is more emphasis on the moral force of the story. It deals not only with freedom and justice, and heroism, but also with married love, and in the character of the heroine Leonore, Beethoven's lofty, idealized image of womanhood is to be seen. He did not find it in real life he fell in love several times, usually with aristocratic pupils (some of them married), and each time was either rejected or saw that the woman did not match his ideals. In 1812, however, he wrote a passionate love-letter to an 'Eternally Beloved' (probably Antonie Brentano, a Viennese married to a Frankfurt businessman), but probably the letter was never sent.

With his powerful and expansive middle-period works, which include the Pastoral Symphony (no.6, conjuring up his feelings about the countryside, which he loved), Symphony no.7 and Symphony no. 8, Piano Concertos nos.4 (a lyrical work) and 5 (the noble and brilliant Emperor) and the Violin Concerto, as well as more chamber works and piano sonatas (such as the Waldstein and the Appassionata) Beethoven was firmly established as the greatest composer of his time. His piano-playing career had finished in 1808 (a charity appearance in 1814 was a disaster because of his deafness). That year he had considered leaving Vienna for a secure post in Germany, but three Viennese noblemen had banded together to provide him with a steady income and he remained there, although the plan foundered in the ensuing Napoleonic wars in which his patrons suffered and the value of Austrian money declined.

The years after 1812 were relatively unproductive. He seems to have been seriously depressed, by his deafness and the resulting isolation, by the failure of his marital hopes and (from 1815) by anxieties over the custodianship of the son of his late brother, which involved him in legal actions. But he came out of these trials to write his profoundest music, which surely reflects something of what he had been through. There are seven piano sonatas in this, his 'late period', including the turbulent Hammerklavier op.106, with its dynamic writing and its harsh, rebarbative fugue, and op.110, which also has fugues and much eccentric writing at the instrument's extremes of compass; there is a great Mass and a Choral Symphony, no.9 in d Minor, where the extended variation-finale is a setting for soloists and chorus of Schiller's Ode to Joy; and there is a group of string quartets, music on a new plane of spiritual depth, with their exalted ideas, abrupt contrasts and emotional intensity. The traditional four-movement scheme and conventional forms are discarded in favour of designs of six or seven movements, some fugal, some akin to variations (these forms especially attracted him in his late years), some song-like, some martial, one even like a chorale prelude. For Beethoven, the act of composition had always been a struggle, as the tortuous scrawls of his sketchbooks show; in these late works the sense of agonizing effort is a part of the music.

Musical taste in Vienna had changed during the first decades of the 19th century; the public were chiefly interested in light Italian opera (especially Rossini) and easygoing chamber music and songs, to suit the prevalent bourgeois taste. Yet the Viennese were conscious of Beethoven's greatness: they applauded the Choral Symphony even though, understandably, they found it difficuit, and though baffled by the late quartets they sensed their extraordinary visionary qualities. His reputation went far beyond Vienna: the late Mass was first heard in St. Petersburg, and the initial commission that produced the Choral Symphony had come from the Philharmonic Society of London. When, early in 1827, he died, 10,000 are said to have attended the funeral. He had become a public figure, as no composer had done before. Unlike composers of the preceding generation, he had never been a purveyor of music to the nobility he had lived into the age - indeed helped create it - of the artist as hero and the property of mankind at large.

(以下是简单英语)

Ludwig van Beethoven (born 1770, died March 26, 1827) was a German composer. He was born in Bonn and died in Vienna. He wrote classical music for the piano, groups of instruments and orchestras. His best-known works are his fifth and ninth symphonies and also the piano piece Für Elise which every pianist wants to learn to play. He is considered to be one of the greatest classical composers. When he was a young man, he was a talented pianist, popular with the rich and important people in Vienna, where he lived.

However, around 1801, he began to become deaf. His deafness became worse and in 1817, he was completely deaf. Although he could no longer play in concerts, he continued to compose, and during this time composed some of his greatest works.

He moved to Vienna in 1792 and lived there for the rest of his life. He never married.

Early years

We know very little about Beethoven’s childhood. He was baptized on 17 December 1770 so he was probably born a few days before that. His father was a fairly unimportant musician who worked at the court of the Elector of Cologne. This court was in Bonn and it was here that he lived until he was a young man. His father gave him his first lessons in piano and violin. Beethoven was a child prodigy like Mozart, but while Mozart as a little boy was taken all over Europe by his father, Beethoven never travelled until he was 17. By that time his piano teacher was a man called Neefe who himself had learned the piano from Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, who was a son of the great composer Johann Sebastian Bach. Neefe said to the Elector that the young Beethoven should be given the chance to travel, so he was allowed to go to Vienna. There he seems to have had one or two lessons from Mozart, but then Beethoven got a letter saying that his mother was dying, so he hurried back to Bonn. Soon his mother died, and Beethoven had to work hard to earn money to look after her and his two brothers. He played the viola in the orchestra of the Elector, started to compose, and made many friends. Some of these friends were musicians, others were very important people, many of them aristocrats who would be able to help him in his career.

In 1792 the Elector let Beethoven travel to Vienna again. He expected him to return after a while, but Beethoven never left Vienna, staying there for the rest of his life. He would have loved to have had some more composition lessons from Mozart, but Mozart had just died, so he had lessons from Haydn instead. Haydn was a good teacher, but a year later he went off to England, so Beethoven took lessons from a man called Albrechtsberger who was not famous like Haydn, but he was a good teacher and he made him write lots of technical exercises. He showed him how to write advanced counterpoint and fugues. This helped him to be a great composer.

Beethoven wanted to become famous as a pianist and composer, so he started to get to know important, aristocratic people. Some of these people had already heard him in Bonn when they had travelled there, so his name was becoming known in Vienna. It also helped that he could say he was the pupil of the famous Joseph Haydn. There were a lot of aristocratic people in Vienna who like music, and many had their own private orchestras. Some of them started to give Beethoven lodgings when the Elector of Bonn stopped sending him money in 1794. Beethoven started to perform in private houses and he became known for his improvisations. In 1795 he performed one of his piano concertos at a concert. He also had his first publication (his opus 1). This was a group of three Piano Trios. Haydn had heard them at a private concert a year before and had advised Beethoven not to publish the third one. However, he did publish it, and that was the one which became the most successful. His opus 2 was a group of three piano sonatas which he played at the court of his friend Prince Lichnowsky. When he published them he dedicated them to Haydn.

Beethoven was starting to become famous, travelling to places like Prague and Pressburg. He wrote a lot of chamber music. He was, perhaps, a little jealous of the success that Haydn had had with his latest symphonies he had written for London. In 1800 he gave his first public concert with his own music. He conducted his First Symphony as well as the Septet. By now several publishers were trying to persuade him to let them publish his new works.

Deafness

In a letter dated 29 June 1801 Beethoven told a friend in Bonn about a terrible secret he had had for some time. He knew that he was becoming deaf. For some time he had had spells of fever and stomach pains. A young man does not expect to become deaf, but now he was starting to admit it to himself. He was finding it hard to hear what people were saying. Just at the moment when he was starting to become known as one of the greatest of all composers, it was a terrible blow to realize that he was losing his hearing. In 1802 he stayed for a time in Heiligenstadt which is now a suburb of Vienna but at that time it was outside the city. There he wrote a famous letter which is known as the Heiligenstadt Testament. It is dated 6 October and describes his increasing frustration at his deafness. He asks people to forgive him if he cannot hear what they are saying. He said that he had often thought of suicide, but that he had so much music in his head which had to be written down that he decided to continue his life. This very emotional letter was found amongst his papers after his death. It was never sent to anyone.

Middle Period

Beethoven seems to have taken his mind off these terrible thoughts by working very hard. He composed a lot more music, including his Third Symphony, called the Eroica. Originally he gave it the title Bonaparte in honour of Napoleon whom he admired. But when Napoleon crowned himself emperor in 1804 Beethoven realized that he was just a tyrant who wanted lots of power. He went to the table where the score of the symphony was lying and tore up the title page. Beethoven stayed in Vienna that year, working hard at an opera and giving piano lessons to Josephine von Brunsvik to whom he wrote passionate letters. She was a young widow with four children. It is impossible to know quite what her feelings were for Beethoven, but socially she belonged in higher society and probably thought that a wild musician was not a suitable husband. In the end she married a Baron, but this marriage, like her first one, was not happy either.

In 1805 Beethoven wrote his only opera. The next spring it had two performances but was then not performed again for another eight years. Beethoven had made several changes to the opera which became known as Fidelio. The overture that he had written for the 1806 performance is now known as Leonore 3 and is usually performed separately at concerts. The opera is a “rescue” opera, a

Answer 2

交响乐？
交响乐包括 交响曲，交响诗，协奏曲等等噢～～
楼上说的几个争着出名的地方
命运：就是那四个重音。
田园：开头的一段非常绝妙。
英雄：有时候会用吧。但是我感觉还是不太多的。
合唱：“欢乐女神，圣洁美丽，灿烂～～”
其实莫扎特最出名的还是40。就是S·H·E的《不想长大》，UNDERSTAND?，莫41还这不经常听见。
德沃夏克第九交响曲新大陆感觉最好的还是第一乐章。估计用得最多吧。
海顿的交响曲有人用吗？没听说过（孤陋寡闻了）

Answer 3

贝多芬《命运交响曲》，《田园交响曲》，《英雄交响曲》《第九交响曲（合唱）》，其中有著名的选段即《欢乐颂》，这些是经常听到的。
还有海顿的《惊愕》、《时钟》经常被用作小品的背景音乐

Answer 4

二楼说的都是，还有莫扎特40，41号交响曲。德沃夏克的新大陆。