九年级英语的一些句型和语法
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Unit1
By是个很常用的介词（有时也用作副词），在初中英语中的用法有以下几种： 1.意为“在……旁”、“靠近”。如： Some are singing and dancing under a big tree . Some are drawing by the lake. 有的在大树下唱歌跳舞，有的在湖边画画儿。 2.意为“不迟于”、“到……时为止”。如： Your son will be all right by supper time. 你的儿子在晚饭前会好的。 How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term? 到上个学期末你们已经学了多少首英语歌曲？ 3.表示方法、手段，可译作“靠”、“用”、“凭借”、“通过”、“乘坐”等。如： The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing.
猴子用尾巴吊在树上哈哈大笑。 The boy’s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph.
孩子的父亲是那么的感激，于是他教爱迪生怎样通过铁路电报来传达信息。 4.表示“逐个”、“逐批”的意思。如： One by one they went past the table in the dark.
他们一个一个得在黑暗中经过这张桌子。5.表示“根据”、“按照”的意思。如：What time is it by your watch? 你的表几点了? 6.和take , hold等动词连用，说明接触身体的某一部分。如： I took him by the hand. 我拉住了它的手。 7.用于被动句中，表示行为主体，常译作“被”、“由”等。如： English is spoken by many people. 英语被许多人所说。（即“许多人讲英语。”） 8.组成其它短语。 1) by the way : 意为“顺便说”、“顺便问一下”，常做插入语。如： By the way , where’s Li Ping , do you know?
顺便问一下，李平在哪儿。你知道吗？ 2) by oneself : 意为“单独”、“自行”。如： I can’t leave her by herself. 我不能把她单独留下。 3) by and by : 意为“不久以后”、“不一会儿”。如： But by and by , more and more people began to study English. 但是不久以后，越来越多的人开始学英语了。
二、动名词的构成动词后加动名词doing，相当于名词，在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语定语等。1）★作主语（这种用法常考）
Fighting broke out between the South and the North.南方与北方开战了。2）作宾语Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
请问你介意调小一点收音机的音量吗？3）作表语Babysister’s job is washing，cooking and taking care of the children。保姆的工作是洗衣服，作饭和照看孩子。
Unit2
used to 的用法：（1）肯定句：used这个词没有人称的变化，to后面接动词原形。
否定句是didn’t use to….
When I was a child, I didn’t use to like apples.当我还是孩子的时候我不喜欢苹果.
疑问形式是Did you use to…?Where did you use to live before you came here?当你来这儿之前你住哪儿？
（2）含有used to 的句子的反意疑问句不要usedn’t + 主语，而用didn’t ＋ 主语。He used to smoke, didn’t he? 他过去常常吸烟，是吗？Yes, he did./ No, he didn’t. 是的，他吸。/ 不，他不吸。
（3）used to 表示过去的习惯动作， 而不是现在的。I am used to the weather here. 我已经习惯于这里的天气了。He is used to hard work. 他习惯于艰苦的工作。
（4）used to 可以和be, have 以及其他状态动词连用，描写过去的状态。 I used to be a waiter, but now I’m a taxi-driver.我过去是一个服务员，但现在我是出租车司机。
★ 本单元的许多运用used to 的句子属于描述过去的状态。Mario used to be short. 马力奥过去总是很矮。Amy used to be outgoing. 爱米过去性格外向。Tina used to have long and straight hair.蒂娜过去有一头直的长头发。He used to wear black shoes. 他过去常穿黑鞋。
Unit3
本单元重点讲到了被动语态的用法 英语动词的被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。助动词be有时态，人称和数的变化，其变化规则与连系动词be完全一样。
一、被动语态的句式变化： 以一般现在时和动词invite为例，列表说明被动语态的句式变化：
二、各种时态的被动语态结构总结如下： 被动语态的时态是由be的时态决定的，be是什么时态，全句就是什么时态，be动词后面的过去分词不变。 一般现在时的被动语态为：主＋am / is / are （not）＋过去分词 一般过去时的被动语态为：主＋was / were ＋过去分词
例如： 我们学过的was / were born 生于，就是一个被动语态. born是个过去分词（bear） －When were you born ? －I was born in 1989. 现在进行时被动语态的构成为: 主语＋is / am / are + being ＋过去分词
现在完成时被动语态的构成为: 主语＋have / has ＋been ＋过去分词
情态动词的被动语态: 情态动词＋be＋过去分词
一般将来时的被动语态: 主语＋will ＋be ＋过去分词
过去将来时的被动语态: 主语＋would / should + be ＋过去分词
过去进行时的被动语态: 主语＋was / were + being ＋过去分词
过去完成时的被动语态: 主语＋had + been +过去分词
三、被动语态的用法：（1）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁，不用by＋动作执行者短语 Football is played widely all over the world. 全世界都广泛地踢足球。
（2）强调动作的承受者，这时应用by短语。The bank was robbed yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午这家银行遭到抢劫。
（3）作客观说明时，常采用一种被动语态句型It is reported that about twenty children have died of flu in the USA.
据报道美国大约二十名儿童死于流感。
四、主动语态的句子变为被动语态的方法是： （1）把原句中的宾语变为主语 （2）动词改为被动形式，即be+过去分词 （3）原来的主语，如果需要的话，放在by后面，如果没必要，可省略。 请看下表:
主动语态 被动语态
They make trains in Zhuzhou． They use this key for locking the classroom door．Many people speak English．He wrote a letter．They are building a road． Trains are made in Zhuzhou．This key is used for locking the classroom door(by them)．English is spoken by many people．A letter was written by him．A road is being built (by them)．
Unit4
虚拟语气：如果我们所说的不是事实，也不是要求、命令、劝告等，而只是一种假设、愿望、建议或是一种实现不了的空想就用虚拟语气
注意：条件句分两种，真实条件句和虚拟条件句。只有在虚拟（非真实）条件句中，才用虚拟语气，而在真实条件句中，要用陈述语气。
请比较：
（1）If it is sunny tomorrow , we’ll go to the zoo.
如果明天天气好，我们将会去公园。在这句话中，明天天气好是完全有可能实现的，并非虚拟、幻想，因此是真实条件句。在本句中，适用“主将从现。”
（2）If I were you , I would go at once.
（如果我是你的话，我立刻就走。）在这句话中，条件句，“如果我是你”，但事实上，我不可能成为你，这只是假设的情况，没有实现的可能。当条件实现的可能性很小，甚至可以说没有时，就需要用虚拟语气来表示，动词发生了变化。
也就是说虚拟语气表示和现实的事实相反时，从句用一般过时。
主句用 “should/would/could/ might +动词原形。
1.If I had time, I would go for a walk.
2.If I were invited, I would go to the dinner party.
3.If I won a million dollars in the lottery, I would put it in the bank.
知识点2. He doesn’t know if he should bring a present.
此处if表示“是否”，引导宾语从句。Should此处表示“应该”。不是虚拟语气。
E.g.1. I don’t know if I should go to the party.
2.If I have enough money, I will go to Hainan .
知识点3.If I were you , I’d wear a shirt and tie.
if 引导的条件状语从句表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气时，be动词只能用were，而不能用was。
E.g. If he were here, he would not agree with you .
知识点4. I don’t have a present. What if everyone else brings a present?
What if… “如果……怎么办？”相当于 what would happen if…
E.g. What shall I do if it snows?
知识点5.Well, dogs can be a lot of trouble.
Trouble 麻烦事 ,名词
常用搭配 ：get (sb)into trouble get out of trouble what’s the trouble
“if”引导的条件句。
Unit5
It must be--- (肯定是,100%)
It might/could be… (有可能,20-80%)
It can’t be… (肯定不是,0%)
程度 肯定句 否定句 疑问句
must ★ ★ ★ ★ √
may ★ ★ ★ √ √
might
/could ★ ★ √
√
√
√
can’t
can ★ √
√
1. --- Whose book is this?
--- It must be Mary’s. (肯定; 一定)
It must belong to Mary.
2. --- Whose French book is this?
--- It could be Ali’s. She studies French. (可能)
3. The hair band might belong to Linda.
might be Linda’s. (可能)
4. The T-shirt can’t be John’s. (不可能)
It’s much too small for him.
练习：1. --- Whose pen is this?
--- It ____ Liu Mei because I saw her use it the other day.
A. can’t be B. might be C. must belong to
2. That’s a piece of good news. They ___ glad to hear that.
A. can be B. might be C. must be D. can’t be
3. Mary ______ be in Paris. I saw her in town only a few minutes ago.
A. mustn’t B. shouldn’t C. can’t D. may not
Unit6
定语从句
1. who 指人,作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）
The man who I talked with is our teacher.
A person who steals things is called a thief.
2. whom指人,作宾语 (作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省)
The man (whom/who) I nodded to is Mr. Li.
The man to whom I nodded is Professor Li.
3. which 指物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略, 如介词提前则不能省)
These are the trees which were planted last year.
This recorder （which） he is using is made in Japan.
Is this the library (which) you borrow books from?
Is this the library from which you borrow books?
4. that 指人/物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）
A plane is a machine. It can fly.→A plane is a machine that can fly.
He is the man. I told you about him. →He is the man (that) I told you about.
The scientist is very famous in the world. We met her yesterday.
↓
The scientist Ø we met yesterday is very famous in the world.
who
whom
that
The dress is new. She is wearing it.
↓
The dress that she is wearing is new.
which
Ø
(3) He is the kind person. I have ever worked with him.
↓
He is the kind person that I have ever worked with.
who
whom
Ø
This is the best film. I have ever seen this film.
↓
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
Ø
在选择引导定语从句的关系代词时，有如下要点：
1 由于关系代词在主句与从句间既起到联系作用，又在从句中充当一个成分，因此， 要正确判断关系代词在从句中的功能，如作主语还是宾语等。
2 当先行词指人时，关系代词可用who（做主语，宾语），that（做主语，宾语），whom（作宾语），whose（作定语）
3 当先行词指物时，关系代词可用that（做主语，宾语），which（做主语，宾语）
4 再定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词长可省略，但在介词后面的关系代词不能省略。指人时，介词后只用whom，指物时，介词后只用which。
5 在非限制性定语从句中，指人时，只用who，指物时，只用which。
1．定语从句中that与who、which的区别
2．定语从句中关系词的省略
Unit8
1、短语动词小结
常见短语动词结构有下面几种：
1.动词+副词 如：give up 放弃 turn off 关掉 stay up 熬夜
这种结构有时相当于及物动词，如果其宾语是代词，就必须放在动词和副词之间，如果是名词，则既可插在动词和副词之间，也可放 在短语动词后。
2. 动词+介词 如：listen of 听 look at 看 belong to 属于
这种结构相当于及物动词，后面跟宾语。
3. 动词+副词+介词 如：come up with 提出，想出 run out of 用完，耗尽
4. 动词+名词(介词) 如：take part in参加 catch hold of 抓住
2、倒装句
not only … but (also) … 不但… 而且… 用来连接两个并列的成分
(1)引导以 not only …but (also)… 开头的句子往往引起部分倒装。
因此 ⑴Not only do I feel good but (also)…. 是倒装句。也是说得要
把前面的句子中的助动词或者是情态动词放在主语的前面。如：
①Not only can I do it but (also) I can do best. 我不仅能做到而且做得最好。
⑵Not only…but (also)… 接两主语时，谓语动词随后面的主语人称和数的变化 也就是就近原则 如：
①Not only Lily but (also) you like cat. 不仅莉莉而且你也喜欢猫。
②Not only you but (also) Lily likes cat. 不仅你而且莉莉喜欢猫。
常见的就近原则的结构有：
Neither… nor…即不…也不… (两者都不)
Neither you nor I like him. 我和你都不喜欢他。
Either… or… 不是…就是… (两者中的一个)
Either Lily or you are a student.
Not only …but (also)…
There be
Unit 9 When was it invented ?
被动语态
被动语态基本用法：当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式是主动语态。当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态。被动语态由助动词be+过去分词构成，时态通过be表现出来。
被动语态基本结构：be+及物动词的过去分词 (如果是不用物动词，其过去分词应带有相应的介词)
各种时态的被动语态构成
一般现在时：S（主语）+am/is /are +P.P（动词的过去分词）
一般过去时：S+was/were +P.P.
情态动词：S+ can/may/must/should + be+ P.P.
一般将来时：S+ will+be+ P.P.
现在进行时：S+am/is /are+being +P.P
现在完成时：S+ have/has + been+ P.P.
过去进行时：S+ was/were+being+ P.P.
被动语态基本结构：be+及物动词的过去分词
(如果是不用物动词，其过去分词应带有相应的介词)
被动语态中的be 是助动词，有人称、数和时态的变化。
被动语态中动作的发出者或执行者做介词by的宾语，放在句末，by 表示“由，被”的意思
汉语中含有“据说”、“据悉”、“有人说”、“大家说”等时。例如：
It is believed that …… 人们认为 …… It is said that …… 据说 ……
It is thought that …… 人们认为 …… It is known that …… 众所周知 ……
It is reported that ……据报道 …… It is proved that ……据证明 ……
It is announced that ……据宣布 …… It is suggested that ……据建议 ……
It is requested that ……据要求 …… It is demanded that ……据要求 ……
Unit 10 By the time I got outside, the bus had already left
1. 过去完成时
(1) 构成：由助动词had + 过去分词 构成
否定式：had not + 过去分词 缩写形式：hadn’t
(2) 用法
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了
的动作。
(3) 它所表示的时间是“过去的过去”。
①表示过去某一时间可用by, before 等构成的短语来表示
②也可以用when, before, after 等引导的时间状语从句来表示
③还可以通过宾语从句或通过上下文暗示。
When I got there, you had already eaten you meal.
当我到达那里时，你已经开始吃了。
By the time he got here, the bus had left.
到他到达这里时，汽车已经离开了
典型题例
1、He said he had never seen that film before. Instead,he_____many novels.
A. has read B. had readed C. had wrote D. had read
此题应该选用D项。从“He said he had never seen that film before ”中
可知是过去完成时态，而从“ Instead,”中可以知道与前面的宾语从句是并列的内容，故应该选用“had read”。
2、The train ______ for a while when they got to the station.
A. had left B. had been away C. had gone D. has been away
此题应该选用B项。从“for a while ”中可知要用完成时态的持续性动
词连接，而从“when they got to the station. ”中可以知道过去时间点以前的事情，应该用故应该选用“had been away ”。
3、A week later, I received a book that I _____ on line.
A. has ordered B. had ordered C. would order D. was ordering
此题应该选用B项。从“I received a book ”中可知与动词“order ”的
前后关系，应该是在“收到书以前已经预订了”，故应该用“order”的过去完成时态结构表示“过去的过去”这一概念。故应该选用“had ordered”。
4、The boy told his mother that he ____ ill since he came back from the school.
A. has been B. would be C. had been D. was
此题应该选用C项。从“ …since he came back from the school.”中可知前面的主句是完成时态，但是从“The boy told his mother ”结构中可以知道应该用相应的过去时态，，故应该选用“had been”。
5、When we got to the field, the football match ____ already ______.
A. has started B. had started C. will begin D. is going to start
此题应该选用B项。从“already ”中可知是完成时态，但是从“ When we got to the field”结构中可以知道应该用相应的过去时态，故应该选用“had started ”。
Unit1
By是个很常用的介词（有时也用作副词），在初中英语中的用法有以下几种： 1.意为“在……旁”、“靠近”。如： Some are singing and dancing under a big tree . Some are drawing by the lake. 有的在大树下唱歌跳舞，有的在湖边画画儿。 2.意为“不迟于”、“到……时为止”。如： Your son will be all right by supper time. 你的儿子在晚饭前会好的。 How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term? 到上个学期末你们已经学了多少首英语歌曲？ 3.表示方法、手段，可译作“靠”、“用”、“凭借”、“通过”、“乘坐”等。如： The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing.
猴子用尾巴吊在树上哈哈大笑。 The boy’s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph.
孩子的父亲是那么的感激，于是他教爱迪生怎样通过铁路电报来传达信息。 4.表示“逐个”、“逐批”的意思。如： One by one they went past the table in the dark.
他们一个一个得在黑暗中经过这张桌子。5.表示“根据”、“按照”的意思。如：What time is it by your watch? 你的表几点了? 6.和take , hold等动词连用，说明接触身体的某一部分。如： I took him by the hand. 我拉住了它的手。 7.用于被动句中，表示行为主体，常译作“被”、“由”等。如： English is spoken by many people. 英语被许多人所说。（即“许多人讲英语。”） 8.组成其它短语。 1) by the way : 意为“顺便说”、“顺便问一下”，常做插入语。如： By the way , where’s Li Ping , do you know?
顺便问一下，李平在哪儿。你知道吗？ 2) by oneself : 意为“单独”、“自行”。如： I can’t leave her by herself. 我不能把她单独留下。 3) by and by : 意为“不久以后”、“不一会儿”。如： But by and by , more and more people began to study English. 但是不久以后，越来越多的人开始学英语了。
二、动名词的构成动词后加动名词doing，相当于名词，在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语定语等。1）★作主语（这种用法常考）
Fighting broke out between the South and the North.南方与北方开战了。2）作宾语Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
请问你介意调小一点收音机的音量吗？3）作表语Babysister’s job is washing，cooking and taking care of the children。保姆的工作是洗衣服，作饭和照看孩子。
Unit2
used to 的用法：（1）肯定句：used这个词没有人称的变化，to后面接动词原形。
否定句是didn’t use to….
When I was a child, I didn’t use to like apples.当我还是孩子的时候我不喜欢苹果.
疑问形式是Did you use to…?Where did you use to live before you came here?当你来这儿之前你住哪儿？
（2）含有used to 的句子的反意疑问句不要usedn’t + 主语，而用didn’t ＋ 主语。He used to smoke, didn’t he? 他过去常常吸烟，是吗？Yes, he did./ No, he didn’t. 是的，他吸。/ 不，他不吸。
（3）used to 表示过去的习惯动作， 而不是现在的。I am used to the weather here. 我已经习惯于这里的天气了。He is used to hard work. 他习惯于艰苦的工作。
（4）used to 可以和be, have 以及其他状态动词连用，描写过去的状态。 I used to be a waiter, but now I’m a taxi-driver.我过去是一个服务员，但现在我是出租车司机。
★ 本单元的许多运用used to 的句子属于描述过去的状态。Mario used to be short. 马力奥过去总是很矮。Amy used to be outgoing. 爱米过去性格外向。Tina used to have long and straight hair.蒂娜过去有一头直的长头发。He used to wear black shoes. 他过去常穿黑鞋。
Unit3
本单元重点讲到了被动语态的用法 英语动词的被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。助动词be有时态，人称和数的变化，其变化规则与连系动词be完全一样。
一、被动语态的句式变化： 以一般现在时和动词invite为例，列表说明被动语态的句式变化：
二、各种时态的被动语态结构总结如下： 被动语态的时态是由be的时态决定的，be是什么时态，全句就是什么时态，be动词后面的过去分词不变。 一般现在时的被动语态为：主＋am / is / are （not）＋过去分词 一般过去时的被动语态为：主＋was / were ＋过去分词
例如： 我们学过的was / were born 生于，就是一个被动语态. born是个过去分词（bear） －When were you born ? －I was born in 1989. 现在进行时被动语态的构成为: 主语＋is / am / are + being ＋过去分词
现在完成时被动语态的构成为: 主语＋have / has ＋been ＋过去分词
情态动词的被动语态: 情态动词＋be＋过去分词
一般将来时的被动语态: 主语＋will ＋be ＋过去分词
过去将来时的被动语态: 主语＋would / should + be ＋过去分词
过去进行时的被动语态: 主语＋was / were + being ＋过去分词
过去完成时的被动语态: 主语＋had + been +过去分词
三、被动语态的用法：（1）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁，不用by＋动作执行者短语 Football is played widely all over the world. 全世界都广泛地踢足球。
（2）强调动作的承受者，这时应用by短语。The bank was robbed yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午这家银行遭到抢劫。
（3）作客观说明时，常采用一种被动语态句型It is reported that about twenty children have died of flu in the USA.
据报道美国大约二十名儿童死于流感。
四、主动语态的句子变为被动语态的方法是： （1）把原句中的宾语变为主语 （2）动词改为被动形式，即be+过去分词 （3）原来的主语，如果需要的话，放在by后面，如果没必要，可省略。 请看下表:
主动语态 被动语态
They make trains in Zhuzhou． They use this key for locking the classroom door．Many people speak English．He wrote a letter．They are building a road． Trains are made in Zhuzhou．This key is used for locking the classroom door(by them)．English is spoken by many people．A letter was written by him．A road is being built (by them)．
Unit4
虚拟语气：如果我们所说的不是事实，也不是要求、命令、劝告等，而只是一种假设、愿望、建议或是一种实现不了的空想就用虚拟语气
注意：条件句分两种，真实条件句和虚拟条件句。只有在虚拟（非真实）条件句中，才用虚拟语气，而在真实条件句中，要用陈述语气。
请比较：
（1）If it is sunny tomorrow , we’ll go to the zoo.
如果明天天气好，我们将会去公园。在这句话中，明天天气好是完全有可能实现的，并非虚拟、幻想，因此是真实条件句。在本句中，适用“主将从现。”
（2）If I were you , I would go at once.
（如果我是你的话，我立刻就走。）在这句话中，条件句，“如果我是你”，但事实上，我不可能成为你，这只是假设的情况，没有实现的可能。当条件实现的可能性很小，甚至可以说没有时，就需要用虚拟语气来表示，动词发生了变化。
也就是说虚拟语气表示和现实的事实相反时，从句用一般过时。
主句用 “should/would/could/ might +动词原形。
1.If I had time, I would go for a walk.
2.If I were invited, I would go to the dinner party.
3.If I won a million dollars in the lottery, I would put it in the bank.
知识点2. He doesn’t know if he should bring a present.
此处if表示“是否”，引导宾语从句。Should此处表示“应该”。不是虚拟语气。
E.g.1. I don’t know if I should go to the party.
2.If I have enough money, I will go to Hainan .
知识点3.If I were you , I’d wear a shirt and tie.
if 引导的条件状语从句表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气时，be动词只能用were，而不能用was。
E.g. If he were here, he would not agree with you .
知识点4. I don’t have a present. What if everyone else brings a present?
What if… “如果……怎么办？”相当于 what would happen if…
E.g. What shall I do if it snows?
知识点5.Well, dogs can be a lot of trouble.
Trouble 麻烦事 ,名词
常用搭配 ：get (sb)into trouble get out of trouble what’s the trouble
“if”引导的条件句。
Unit5
It must be--- (肯定是,100%)
It might/could be… (有可能,20-80%)
It can’t be… (肯定不是,0%)
程度 肯定句 否定句 疑问句
must ★ ★ ★ ★ √
may ★ ★ ★ √ √
might
/could ★ ★ √
√
√
√
can’t
can ★ √
√
1. --- Whose book is this?
--- It must be Mary’s. (肯定; 一定)
It must belong to Mary.
2. --- Whose French book is this?
--- It could be Ali’s. She studies French. (可能)
3. The hair band might belong to Linda.
might be Linda’s. (可能)
4. The T-shirt can’t be John’s. (不可能)
It’s much too small for him.
练习：1. --- Whose pen is this?
--- It ____ Liu Mei because I saw her use it the other day.
A. can’t be B. might be C. must belong to
2. That’s a piece of good news. They ___ glad to hear that.
A. can be B. might be C. must be D. can’t be
3. Mary ______ be in Paris. I saw her in town only a few minutes ago.
A. mustn’t B. shouldn’t C. can’t D. may not
Unit6
定语从句
1. who 指人,作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）
The man who I talked with is our teacher.
A person who steals things is called a thief.
2. whom指人,作宾语 (作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省)
The man (whom/who) I nodded to is Mr. Li.
The man to whom I nodded is Professor Li.
3. which 指物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略, 如介词提前则不能省)
These are the trees which were planted last year.
This recorder （which） he is using is made in Japan.
Is this the library (which) you borrow books from?
Is this the library from which you borrow books?
4. that 指人/物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）
A plane is a machine. It can fly.→A plane is a machine that can fly.
He is the man. I told you about him. →He is the man (that) I told you about.
The scientist is very famous in the world. We met her yesterday.
↓
The scientist Ø we met yesterday is very famous in the world.
who
whom
that
The dress is new. She is wearing it.
↓
The dress that she is wearing is new.
which
Ø
(3) He is the kind person. I have ever worked with him.
↓
He is the kind person that I have ever worked with.
who
whom
Ø
This is the best film. I have ever seen this film.
↓
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
Ø
在选择引导定语从句的关系代词时，有如下要点：
1 由于关系代词在主句与从句间既起到联系作用，又在从句中充当一个成分，因此， 要正确判断关系代词在从句中的功能，如作主语还是宾语等。
2 当先行词指人时，关系代词可用who（做主语，宾语），that（做主语，宾语），whom（作宾语），whose（作定语）
3 当先行词指物时，关系代词可用that（做主语，宾语），which（做主语，宾语）
4 再定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词长可省略，但在介词后面的关系代词不能省略。指人时，介词后只用whom，指物时，介词后只用which。
5 在非限制性定语从句中，指人时，只用who，指物时，只用which。
1．定语从句中that与who、which的区别
2．定语从句中关系词的省略
Unit8
1、短语动词小结
常见短语动词结构有下面几种：
1.动词+副词 如：give up 放弃 turn off 关掉 stay up 熬夜
这种结构有时相当于及物动词，如果其宾语是代词，就必须放在动词和副词之间，如果是名词，则既可插在动词和副词之间，也可放 在短语动词后。
2. 动词+介词 如：listen of 听 look at 看 belong to 属于
这种结构相当于及物动词，后面跟宾语。
3. 动词+副词+介词 如：come up with 提出，想出 run out of 用完，耗尽
4. 动词+名词(介词) 如：take part in参加 catch hold of 抓住
2、倒装句
not only … but (also) … 不但… 而且… 用来连接两个并列的成分
(1)引导以 not only …but (also)… 开头的句子往往引起部分倒装。
因此 ⑴Not only do I feel good but (also)…. 是倒装句。也是说得要
把前面的句子中的助动词或者是情态动词放在主语的前面。如：
①Not only can I do it but (also) I can do best. 我不仅能做到而且做得最好。
⑵Not only…but (also)… 接两主语时，谓语动词随后面的主语人称和数的变化 也就是就近原则 如：
①Not only Lily but (also) you like cat. 不仅莉莉而且你也喜欢猫。
②Not only you but (also) Lily likes cat. 不仅你而且莉莉喜欢猫。
常见的就近原则的结构有：
Neither… nor…即不…也不… (两者都不)
Neither you nor I like him. 我和你都不喜欢他。
Either… or… 不是…就是… (两者中的一个)
Either Lily or you are a student.
Not only …but (also)…
There be
Unit 9 When was it invented ?
被动语态
被动语态基本用法：当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式是主动语态。当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态。被动语态由助动词be+过去分词构成，时态通过be表现出来。
被动语态基本结构：be+及物动词的过去分词 (如果是不用物动词，其过去分词应带有相应的介词)
各种时态的被动语态构成
一般现在时：S（主语）+am/is /are +P.P（动词的过去分词）
一般过去时：S+was/were +P.P.
情态动词：S+ can/may/must/should + be+ P.P.
一般将来时：S+ will+be+ P.P.
现在进行时：S+am/is /are+being +P.P
现在完成时：S+ have/has + been+ P.P.
过去进行时：S+ was/were+being+ P.P.
被动语态基本结构：be+及物动词的过去分词
(如果是不用物动词，其过去分词应带有相应的介词)
被动语态中的be 是助动词，有人称、数和时态的变化。
被动语态中动作的发出者或执行者做介词by的宾语，放在句末，by 表示“由，被”的意思
汉语中含有“据说”、“据悉”、“有人说”、“大家说”等时。例如：
It is believed that …… 人们认为 …… It is said that …… 据说 ……
It is thought that …… 人们认为 …… It is known that …… 众所周知 ……
It is reported that ……据报道 …… It is proved that ……据证明 ……
It is announced that ……据宣布 …… It is suggested that ……据建议 ……
It is requested that ……据要求 …… It is demanded that ……据要求 ……
Unit 10 By the time I got outside, the bus had already left
1. 过去完成时
(1) 构成：由助动词had + 过去分词 构成
否定式：had not + 过去分词 缩写形式：hadn’t
(2) 用法
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了
的动作。
(3) 它所表示的时间是“过去的过去”。
①表示过去某一时间可用by, before 等构成的短语来表示
②也可以用when, before, after 等引导的时间状语从句来表示
③还可以通过宾语从句或通过上下文暗示。
When I got there, you had already eaten you meal.
当我到达那里时，你已经开始吃了。
By the time he got here, the bus had left.
到他到达这里时，汽车已经离开了
典型题例
1、He said he had never seen that film before. Instead,he_____many novels.
A. has read B. had readed C. had wrote D. had read
此题应该选用D项。从“He said he had never seen that film before ”中
可知是过去完成时态，而从“ Instead,”中可以知道与前面的宾语从句是并列的内容，故应该选用“had read”。
2、The train ______ for a while when they got to the station.
A. had left B. had been away C. had gone D. has been away
此题应该选用B项。从“for a while ”中可知要用完成时态的持续性动
词连接，而从“when they got to the station. ”中可以知道过去时间点以前的事情，应该用故应该选用“had been away ”。
3、A week later, I received a book that I _____ on line.
A. has ordered B. had ordered C. would order D. was ordering
此题应该选用B项。从“I received a book ”中可知与动词“order ”的
前后关系，应该是在“收到书以前已经预订了”，故应该用“order”的过去完成时态结构表示“过去的过去”这一概念。故应该选用“had ordered”。
4、The boy told his mother that he ____ ill since he came back from the school.
A. has been B. would be C. had been D. was
此题应该选用C项。从“ …since he came back from the school.”中可知前面的主句是完成时态，但是从“The boy told his mother ”结构中可以知道应该用相应的过去时态，，故应该选用“had been”。
5、When we got to the field, the football match ____ already ______.
A. has started B. had started C. will begin D. is going to start
此题应该选用B项。从“already ”中可知是完成时态，但是从“ When we got to the field”结构中可以知道应该用相应的过去时态，故应该选用“had started ”。
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什么版本的？推荐魏训刚的 中考语法完全突破，里面初中阶段的都有了。
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其实语法是不分版本的，各版知识总量基本一样，只是出现的顺序可能会有所不同。
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Unit 1 How do you study for a test ?
1. not… at all 根本不
2. end up 结束
3. make mistakes in sth 在某方面出错
4 . later on 随后
5. be afraid to do sth. 害怕做某事
be afraid of sth. /sb. 害怕……
be afraid of doing sth.
Be afraid that clause 恐怕，担心……
6. laugh at sb. 嘲笑某人
7.take notes = write down the notes
做笔记
8.make up a conversation 编对话
9.deal with=do with 处理
10.be angry with sb. / at sth.
对……感到生气
11. go by 时间）过去、消逝
Time goes by. 时间流逝
12. try one’s best to do sth 尽力做谋事
13. break off 突然终止
14.make /use flashcar制作/ 使用抽认卡
15.make a vocabulary list 制作词汇表
16. read/speak aloud=read loudly 大声说 /大声朗读
play the CD too loud把CD放开大声
sweep the floor clean 把地板扫干净
17.practice the pronunciation 练习发音
18.get the pronunciation right =pronounce right 发音准确
19.specific advice / suggestions 详细而精确的建议
20.memorize/recite the words/text 背书
21.read the textbook 读课本
22.Study English grammars学英语语法
23.feel differently 觉得不同
24. frustrate sb. = make sb. frustrated 使某人沮丧
find sth. frustrating 发现某事沮丧
25. speak quickly/fast 说得很快
26. get / be excited 激动
look excited 看起来很激动
look at sb. sadly 伤心地朝某人看
an exciting match / game 一场激烈的比赛 27. spoken / oral English 英语口语
28. full comma 句号
29. regard sth as a chall把某事视为挑战
30. impress sb. 感动某人
be impressed 被深深感动 be impressed deeply by sb. 被某人深深感动
31. 31. have trouble /difficulty (in) doing sth.
32. 做事有困难
33. look up the words in a dictionary
34. 用字典查阅单词
33. feel/touch soft 感觉/触摸柔软
34. study for a text 为一次小测学习
35. work with sb. 与某人一起工作
36. listen to tapes 听磁带
listen to the teacher carefully 认真听课
37. ask sb for help 寻求帮助
He is asking for help. 他正在求救
ask sb. to do sth. 叫某人做某事
tell sb. about sth. 告诉某人某事
38.improve my listening / speaking skills 提高听力 / 口语技巧
39. enlarge the vocabulary 扩大词汇量
39. watch English news 看英语新闻
40.understand the voices听懂(说的内容)
41. learn a lot/much 学了很多
42.join an English club 参加英语俱乐部
43.keep a diary in English用英语写日记
44. review notes 复习笔记
45.write original sentence写新颖的句子
46.practice conversations with sb. 与某人练习对话
47. do well / OK 做得好
48. get mad at sb. 生某人的气
49. the best way to learn English 学英语的最好方法
50. be fair / unfair 公平、/ 不公平
51. on duty 值日
It’s one’s duty to do sth. 某人的职责做某事
It’s our duty to distribute to the society
52. be lost / missing 丢失
53. young adults 青少年
54. see a psychologist 看一个心理医生
55. get a lot of practices 得到许多练习
56. end up doing sth 最后做某事
57. become unhappy 变得不高兴
58. behave with sb. 与某人相处的方式
59. stay angry 持续生气
60. change problems / troubles / difficulty into challenge 把困难变成挑战
61. solve the problem 解决问题
62. realize sth. = sth. come true 实现某事
63. make a ( complete ) sentence 造(一个完整的)句子
64. complete / finish doing sth 结束做某事
65. the secret of sth …的秘密
The secret of becoming a good language learner is practicing . 成为一个优秀语言学家的秘密是练习
66. an important part of sth. 最重要的一部分
67. developping country 发展中国家
developped country 发达国家
68. with the help of sb 在某人帮助下
69. compare A to B 把A与B进行对比
70. physical problems 生理缺陷
71. find a pen pal 找一个笔友
72. in a positive way 用积极的方法
75. last for a long time 持续很长时间
73. first of all / to begin with 首先
74. begin with / start with 以…开始
75. make sb. laugh 使某人笑
76. help a lot / a little 帮助很多、/ 一点
77. have disagreement 意见不合
78. decide not to do 决定不做某事
79. talk to each other 互相谈话
80. too much + n. 太多…
much too + adj.
81. be strict with sb 对某人严厉
be strict at sth. 在某事上严格要求
82. regard sth. as a challenge 把……视为挑战
1. not… at all 根本不
2. end up 结束
3. make mistakes in sth 在某方面出错
4 . later on 随后
5. be afraid to do sth. 害怕做某事
be afraid of sth. /sb. 害怕……
be afraid of doing sth.
Be afraid that clause 恐怕，担心……
6. laugh at sb. 嘲笑某人
7.take notes = write down the notes
做笔记
8.make up a conversation 编对话
9.deal with=do with 处理
10.be angry with sb. / at sth.
对……感到生气
11. go by 时间）过去、消逝
Time goes by. 时间流逝
12. try one’s best to do sth 尽力做谋事
13. break off 突然终止
14.make /use flashcar制作/ 使用抽认卡
15.make a vocabulary list 制作词汇表
16. read/speak aloud=read loudly 大声说 /大声朗读
play the CD too loud把CD放开大声
sweep the floor clean 把地板扫干净
17.practice the pronunciation 练习发音
18.get the pronunciation right =pronounce right 发音准确
19.specific advice / suggestions 详细而精确的建议
20.memorize/recite the words/text 背书
21.read the textbook 读课本
22.Study English grammars学英语语法
23.feel differently 觉得不同
24. frustrate sb. = make sb. frustrated 使某人沮丧
find sth. frustrating 发现某事沮丧
25. speak quickly/fast 说得很快
26. get / be excited 激动
look excited 看起来很激动
look at sb. sadly 伤心地朝某人看
an exciting match / game 一场激烈的比赛 27. spoken / oral English 英语口语
28. full comma 句号
29. regard sth as a chall把某事视为挑战
30. impress sb. 感动某人
be impressed 被深深感动 be impressed deeply by sb. 被某人深深感动
31. 31. have trouble /difficulty (in) doing sth.
32. 做事有困难
33. look up the words in a dictionary
34. 用字典查阅单词
33. feel/touch soft 感觉/触摸柔软
34. study for a text 为一次小测学习
35. work with sb. 与某人一起工作
36. listen to tapes 听磁带
listen to the teacher carefully 认真听课
37. ask sb for help 寻求帮助
He is asking for help. 他正在求救
ask sb. to do sth. 叫某人做某事
tell sb. about sth. 告诉某人某事
38.improve my listening / speaking skills 提高听力 / 口语技巧
39. enlarge the vocabulary 扩大词汇量
39. watch English news 看英语新闻
40.understand the voices听懂(说的内容)
41. learn a lot/much 学了很多
42.join an English club 参加英语俱乐部
43.keep a diary in English用英语写日记
44. review notes 复习笔记
45.write original sentence写新颖的句子
46.practice conversations with sb. 与某人练习对话
47. do well / OK 做得好
48. get mad at sb. 生某人的气
49. the best way to learn English 学英语的最好方法
50. be fair / unfair 公平、/ 不公平
51. on duty 值日
It’s one’s duty to do sth. 某人的职责做某事
It’s our duty to distribute to the society
52. be lost / missing 丢失
53. young adults 青少年
54. see a psychologist 看一个心理医生
55. get a lot of practices 得到许多练习
56. end up doing sth 最后做某事
57. become unhappy 变得不高兴
58. behave with sb. 与某人相处的方式
59. stay angry 持续生气
60. change problems / troubles / difficulty into challenge 把困难变成挑战
61. solve the problem 解决问题
62. realize sth. = sth. come true 实现某事
63. make a ( complete ) sentence 造(一个完整的)句子
64. complete / finish doing sth 结束做某事
65. the secret of sth …的秘密
The secret of becoming a good language learner is practicing . 成为一个优秀语言学家的秘密是练习
66. an important part of sth. 最重要的一部分
67. developping country 发展中国家
developped country 发达国家
68. with the help of sb 在某人帮助下
69. compare A to B 把A与B进行对比
70. physical problems 生理缺陷
71. find a pen pal 找一个笔友
72. in a positive way 用积极的方法
75. last for a long time 持续很长时间
73. first of all / to begin with 首先
74. begin with / start with 以…开始
75. make sb. laugh 使某人笑
76. help a lot / a little 帮助很多、/ 一点
77. have disagreement 意见不合
78. decide not to do 决定不做某事
79. talk to each other 互相谈话
80. too much + n. 太多…
much too + adj.
81. be strict with sb 对某人严厉
be strict at sth. 在某事上严格要求
82. regard sth. as a challenge 把……视为挑战
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