Question

一个英语长句，结构有些理不清楚，求助高手哇

It has expanded without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory.主要是这两个by看的我很晕，第一个by整个句子的状语，那后面的那个by又是什么呢，两个by落在一起看起来不那么舒坦，高手指教哇

Answer 1

楼主，以下是个人的分析，水平有限，有不足之处敬请原谅。希望可以帮到你！
1) 主句: It has expanded without giving any consideration to the effects
分析主句，主语成分是It, 谓语成分是 has espanded, 补充足语成分是without giving any consideration to the effects. 此处 the effects是补足语成分中小句的宾语(give…to…, to 后接的成分是宾语)

2) 定语从句1, the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence.

还原为：the effects which(that) has produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence.

此定语从句中, 主语成分是the effects(这个也是主句补充语成分中的宾语), 谓语是过去分词作定语省略, 是被动语态,还原是: which(that) has been produced, on the individuals and on their descendants 这个成分表达的是has been produced动作承受(落在)的对象, by表被动，有“被…., 由…”之意，但by连接的是谓语动作的主动施行者, 即the artificial mode of existence主动执行主动动作produce的。the artificial mode of existence是个名词成分，后又被定语2修饰。

3)定语从句2, the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory. 该定语从句2中，the artificial mode of existence 是主语成分，谓语同定语1中的espanded一样，也是过去分词作定语，表被动，还原为the artificial mode of existence which(that) has been imposed by the factory.

Answer 2

It has expanded by the artificial mode of existence 这是句子主干，它以一种人为的生存方式发展，by 的意思是“通过”。而imposed by the factory是 the artificial mode of existence的定语， by的意思是“被”。 个人是这么理解的，希望有帮助。