各位哥哥姐姐请帮助小妹做一下这道题啦，谢谢！！！
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“They’re like the Pac-Man of our brain.”
这就像我们大脑中的吃豆人的游戏。
Harvard neuroscientist Beth Stevens, talking about glia cells, which make up more than half the human brain. This week Stevens got a MacArthur Fellowship, the so-called genius grant, for her studies of glia.
哈佛大学的神经科学家贝斯·史蒂文斯，谈论到神经胶质细胞时那样说道。这些胶质细胞占据了人脑中的一大部分。本周史蒂文斯因为研究胶质细胞获得了麦克阿瑟奖，也就是所谓的天才奖。
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“These cells are incredibly responsive to damage or injury. They can protect our brain by, for example, clearing bacteria or debris in the brain in the case of injury and disease…
这些胶质细胞对受伤和损害非常的敏感。它们可以通过，在大脑受伤或生病时大脑中的细菌和残骸，来保护我们的大脑。
“Until about 10 years ago, almost all of the research devoted to these cells was in these contexts. We discovered that there was another role for these cells in the normal healthy brain, in particular during development…
10年前，几乎所有关于这方面的研究都是有关上述的问题。我们发现这些细胞在正常健康的人脑内，尤其是在大脑发育的过程中，还有其他的功能。
“So a synapse is the junction of communication between two neurons, it’s how neurons talk to each other…we’re actually born with an excess of synaptic connections…and through this normal developmental process called pruning, a large number of these extra synapses get permanently removed or eliminated while others get strengthened and maintained.
“所以，神经元突触是两个神经元之间的交通枢纽，这就是神经元交流的方式...实际上我们有很多的突触联系...并且通过这个叫做prunning正常的发育过程，在这个过程中，大量的这些额外的神经元被永久性的移除或者删除，而其他的一些神经元则被加强和巩固。”
These microglial cells were in fact engulfing or eating these extra synapses. So these cells are necessary to do this and now of course we’re trying to better understand how it is that they know which synapse to prune and which synapse to leave alone.
实际上，这些微神经胶质细胞会吞噬或者吃掉这些额外的神经元。所以，这些细胞需要这样做。当然，我们试图更加透彻的理解这些微神经胶质细胞是如何是识别哪些神经元需要修饰，哪些不需要管理。
“A hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, is the early loss of synaptic connections or synapses…And what’s most striking about this is, it’s thought that the synapse loss happens years before you see signs of cognitive impairment or pathology.
很多神经退行性疾病，例如，阿耳茨海默氏病，的特点，是突触连接或者突触的早期损失。但是，最突出的是，人们认为在认知障碍或者病理条件的症状显示之前，这些神经元缺失已经发生了。
“That means it’s critical that we understand how these synapses are lost—what makes synapses vulnerable. And that’s a major question my lab is addressing. So recent work in the lab suggests that these normal pruning mechanisms that I’ve just described that are relevant to development get reactivated to drive or mediate this early synapse loss in the adult brain in these diseases.
这意味着，我们理解这些神经元是如何丢失是非常重要的——是什么让这些神经元如此的脆弱。这就是我实验室正在解决一个重大的问题。现象实验室的研究表明我刚才描述的这些正常的修复机理与和发育过程有关，并且被激活行使或者说介导这种疾病条件下成年人大脑中的早期突触损失现象。
This is very exciting because it allows us to think about the potential that intervening with this pruning pathway could lead to new insight into therapeutics.”
这是一项令人激动的发现。因为这是很令人激动的发现，因为这使我们想到潜在的干预这种修剪途径能够导致开发出治疗措施方面的应用。
For the complete list of this year’s 24 MacArthur Fellows, including about 10 science and medicine people depending on how you define their activities, go to macfound.org, for MacArthur Foundation.
本年度的全部24名麦肯阿瑟成员名单，根据你们如何定义他们的行为这些成员中包括了大约10名科学家和医药人士， 可以去麦肯阿瑟基金会网站macfound.org查看详细内容。
“They’re like the Pac-Man of our brain.”
这就像我们大脑中的吃豆人的游戏。
Harvard neuroscientist Beth Stevens, talking about glia cells, which make up more than half the human brain. This week Stevens got a MacArthur Fellowship, the so-called genius grant, for her studies of glia.
哈佛大学的神经科学家贝斯·史蒂文斯，谈论到神经胶质细胞时那样说道。这些胶质细胞占据了人脑中的一大部分。本周史蒂文斯因为研究胶质细胞获得了麦克阿瑟奖，也就是所谓的天才奖。
\
“These cells are incredibly responsive to damage or injury. They can protect our brain by, for example, clearing bacteria or debris in the brain in the case of injury and disease…
这些胶质细胞对受伤和损害非常的敏感。它们可以通过，在大脑受伤或生病时大脑中的细菌和残骸，来保护我们的大脑。
“Until about 10 years ago, almost all of the research devoted to these cells was in these contexts. We discovered that there was another role for these cells in the normal healthy brain, in particular during development…
10年前，几乎所有关于这方面的研究都是有关上述的问题。我们发现这些细胞在正常健康的人脑内，尤其是在大脑发育的过程中，还有其他的功能。
“So a synapse is the junction of communication between two neurons, it’s how neurons talk to each other…we’re actually born with an excess of synaptic connections…and through this normal developmental process called pruning, a large number of these extra synapses get permanently removed or eliminated while others get strengthened and maintained.
“所以，神经元突触是两个神经元之间的交通枢纽，这就是神经元交流的方式...实际上我们有很多的突触联系...并且通过这个叫做prunning正常的发育过程，在这个过程中，大量的这些额外的神经元被永久性的移除或者删除，而其他的一些神经元则被加强和巩固。”
These microglial cells were in fact engulfing or eating these extra synapses. So these cells are necessary to do this and now of course we’re trying to better understand how it is that they know which synapse to prune and which synapse to leave alone.
实际上，这些微神经胶质细胞会吞噬或者吃掉这些额外的神经元。所以，这些细胞需要这样做。当然，我们试图更加透彻的理解这些微神经胶质细胞是如何是识别哪些神经元需要修饰，哪些不需要管理。
“A hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, is the early loss of synaptic connections or synapses…And what’s most striking about this is, it’s thought that the synapse loss happens years before you see signs of cognitive impairment or pathology.
很多神经退行性疾病，例如，阿耳茨海默氏病，的特点，是突触连接或者突触的早期损失。但是，最突出的是，人们认为在认知障碍或者病理条件的症状显示之前，这些神经元缺失已经发生了。
“That means it’s critical that we understand how these synapses are lost—what makes synapses vulnerable. And that’s a major question my lab is addressing. So recent work in the lab suggests that these normal pruning mechanisms that I’ve just described that are relevant to development get reactivated to drive or mediate this early synapse loss in the adult brain in these diseases.
这意味着，我们理解这些神经元是如何丢失是非常重要的——是什么让这些神经元如此的脆弱。这就是我实验室正在解决一个重大的问题。现象实验室的研究表明我刚才描述的这些正常的修复机理与和发育过程有关，并且被激活行使或者说介导这种疾病条件下成年人大脑中的早期突触损失现象。
This is very exciting because it allows us to think about the potential that intervening with this pruning pathway could lead to new insight into therapeutics.”
这是一项令人激动的发现。因为这是很令人激动的发现，因为这使我们想到潜在的干预这种修剪途径能够导致开发出治疗措施方面的应用。
For the complete list of this year’s 24 MacArthur Fellows, including about 10 science and medicine people depending on how you define their activities, go to macfound.org, for MacArthur Foundation.
本年度的全部24名麦肯阿瑟成员名单，根据你们如何定义他们的行为这些成员中包括了大约10名科学家和医药人士， 可以去麦肯阿瑟基金会网站macfound.org查看详细内容。
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