语法指导:巧学名词性从句

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一、分清名词性从句的种类
  名词性从句按其在句子中的功用可分为四大类:1.主语从句:在复合句中作主语。2.表语从句:在复合句中作表语。3.宾语从句:在复合句中作宾语。4.同位语从句:在复合句中作一名词的同位结构。例如:
  1.What they are doing seems very important.(主语从句)他们要做的似乎很重要。
  2.My hope is that he will be the best student in my class.(表语从句)我的愿望是使他成为我班的学生。
  3.Do you know who he is?(宾语从句)你知道他是谁吗?
  4.I don’t like the idea that money is every thing.(同位语从句)金钱就是一切,这个观点我不喜欢。
  二、认清引导名词性从句的连接词
  (一)主语从句
  引导主语从句的连接代词有that,who, whom,whose,which,what,whoever, whomever,whichever,whatever及连接词 whether。
  1.连接词that本身无意义,在句子中不充当任何句子成分,只起连接从句的作用,不能省略,从句的语序用陈述语序。例如:
  That she was chosen made us very happy.
  That the earth is round is well-known.
  主语从句有时会很长,复合句就显得头重脚轻,因此,可以把主语从句移到复合句后面,而在句首使用it作形式主语。我们把以上两句转变为:
  It made us very happy that she was chosen.
  It is well-known that the earth is round.
  2.连接词whether本身有意义,为“是否”,在句子中不作任何成分,引导的主语从句用陈述语序,whether一般不省略。例如:
  Whether she will come or not is still a question.
  Whether we will go depends on the weather.
  同样可以用it作形式主语将其转换成:
  It is still a question whether she will come or not.
  It depends on the weather whether we will go .
  注意:上句中whether不能被if代替。
  3.连接代词who,whose,whom,what, whichever,whoever,whomever,whatever,连接副词when,where,how,why,它们在名词从句中都有意义,并且在名词从句中都作句子成分。其成分为:主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语等,从句用陈述语序。例如:
  ①Who he is is not important.
  ②What they need is more time.
  ③Where she has gone is not known yet.
  ④How he came here is not known.
  ⑤Whatever he said is right.
  ⑥Who will go is not important.
  ⑦Whose book this is is very clear.
  (二)表语从句
  引导表语从句的引导词同上,它们的意义不变,表语从句的顺序也是陈述句的顺序,只是它们引导的从句在复合句中的位置发生了变化,放在了表语的位置上。例如:
  ①The truth is that he is the thief.
  ②The problem is that they are short of money.
  ③The question is whether it is worth reading.
  ④They are just what I want.
  ⑤That’s why they were late.
  (三)宾语从句
  引导宾语从句的引导词仍然是以上三种类别。各自的意义不变,是否在句中作成分也是相同的,宾语从句的语序仍然用陈述句语序,只是从句的位置又发生了改变。放在及物动词或介词之后作了宾语。例如:
  ①I remember that I have read this book.
  ②We don’t know whether she is coming.
  ③We quite agree with what you said.
  ④I worried about whether I hurt her feelings.
  ⑤Please tell me when you’ll discuss the plan.
  (四)同位语从句
  同位语从句在句子中作某一名词的同位语,一般位于该名词之后,说明该名词的具体内容。这些名词常见的有news,fact, idea,promise,suggestion,order等。常引导同位语从句的引导词以that为多,无意义,不作成分,不能省略,引出一个陈述句语序的句子。例如:
  ①He told me the news that China had   名词 同位语从句 joined WTO.
  ②I made a promise that I would make him happy. 名词 同位语从句
  注意:在实践中,同学们常把该从句与定语从句混淆,下面介绍一下判别方法。如果引导词在从句中不作任何成分为同位语从句,在句子中作成分的,便是定语从句。试比较:    1.The report that there will be an exam is a lie.that引导的是同位语从句,因为它在从句中(划线部分)不作成分,只是说明report的具体内容。
  2.The report that he wrote is not true.that为关系代词,引导了一个定语从句,因为that在从句中(划线部分)作动词 wrote的宾语。
  三、熟记几种特殊情况
  (一)引导宾语从句的that可省略,但若及物动词后有两个以上宾语从句时,第一个that可省略,第二个以后的that不能省略。例如:He told me(that)he was born in Germany,and that he spoke German.(可省略)
  (二)从句中如有形式宾语,连接真正宾语的that不省略。例如:We made it a rule that we read English in the morning.(不省略)
  (三)宾语从句中的whether与or not直接连用不能换成if,不直接连用时可换。例如:They don’t know whether or not the news is true. 此句的whether不能换成if。They don’t know whether the news is true or not. 此句的whether可换成if。
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