2010年6月GRE阅读考点分析
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【前言】在GRE的笔试部分，阅读是最难提高的。一方面它需要考生有扎实的单词、语法、句法的基础，另一方面需要快速的逻辑思维和概括推理能力。关于GRE阅读的理论涉及得比较繁杂，本文重点对其考点做一下简要的解析。
GRE阅读的考点主要涉及三个方面：
一、文章的类型：（立论或驳论）考查文章主旨、结构或态度；
二、论述的过程：考查作者如何展开论述、事物特征及相互关系等细节；
三、推理的结论：考查已解决的问题甚至待解决的问题、未来的论述方向等。
下面，我将结合阅读文章实例对以上问题进行一一讲解。
首先，一篇GRE文章，无论长阅读还是短阅读，文章的主旨和结构几乎是必考的题目，也是相对来说比较简单的题目。
解决这类问题的关键就是找出文章的Topic Sentence和Structural Elements。第一遍读文章的时候要对这两者高度敏感，以便回头定位找出文章内容大意，布局谋篇方式，段落间的联系等。
例如：
Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points—periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one’s findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.
Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions “What happened?” and “How did it happen?” have given way to the question “Why did it happen?” Prominent among the methods used to answer the question “Why” is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory.
Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psychohistorians intend. They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derives its “facts” not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic tenet of historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theses. Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the “deepest” explanation of any event, that other explanations fall short of the truth.
Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history (in the sense of the proper mode of studying and writing about the past); it also violates the past itself. It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity. Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.
第一题即是主旨题：
1. Which of the following best states the main point of the passage?
(A) The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in vogue even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method.
(B) Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of psychohistorians.
(C) Areas of sociological study such as childhood and work are of little interest to traditional historians.
(D) The psychological assessment of an individual’s behavior and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life.
(E) History is composed of unique and nonrepeating events that must be individually analyzed on the basis of publicly verifiable evidence.
解析：开篇第一句以traditionally为特征词（SE），讲述了一个对于study of history的旧观点。第二段一开始以recent为特征词（SE）提出新观点，段末提出TS：Prominent among the methods used to answer the question “Why” is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory.很明显这篇文章是驳论的立场。所以主旨题正确答案的句子应该重点体现新观点的特征，且是TS的改写，所以A为正确答案。
其次，作者论述过程中涉及事物与事物间的关系的内容常常是必考内容，这些关系包括相同、相似、相异、递进、转折、因果、相对性，比较级，强对比等等。上面例文的第二题和第五题即是考查此点的题目：
2. It can be inferred from the passage that one way in which traditional history can be distinguished from psychohistory is that traditional history usually
(A) views past events as complex and having their own individuality
(B) relies on a single interpretation of human behavior to explain historical events
(C) interprets historical events in such a way that their specific nature is transcended
(D) turns to psychological explanations in historical contexts to account for events
(E) relies strictly on data that are concrete and quantifiable
解析：从题目可知，“distinguished from”考查的是“强对比”，文章的三段主要说新观点（psychohistory）的特征，第四段进一步论述其特点“it also violates the past itself.”其实”past itself”指的就是traditional history，那么只要对于其中论述psychohistory的特征（It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity.）取反即可，所以A是正确答案。
另外，论证过程的涉及事物本身特征的细节也常是考查的内容。比如，上面例文的第五题就是考察事物特点的题目：
5. The author mentions which of the following as a characteristic of the practice of psychohistorians?
(A) The lives of historical figures are presented in episodic rather than narrative form.
(B) Archives used by psychohistorians to gather material are not accessible to other scholars.
(C) Past and current events are all placed within the same deterministic schema.
(D) Events in the adult life of a historical figure are seen to be more consequential than are those in the childhood of the figure.
(E) Analysis is focused on group behavior rather than on particular events in an individual’s life.
解析：对于这样的题目，解题关键是准确的定位到原文，这也取决于第一次读全文捕捉到的重点是不是到位。这道题原文的定位就是有级特征处（all）的“… it assimilates all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.”对其进行改写，即得到正确答案C
最后，考查文章推论结论的题目几乎必考，比如上面例文的第六题：
6. The author of the passage suggests that psychohistorians view history primarily as
(A) a report of events, causes, and effects that is generally accepted by historians but which is, for the most part, unverifiable
(B) an episodic account that lacks cohesion because records of the role of childhood, work, and leisure in the lives of historical figures are rare
(C) an uncharted sea of seemingly unexplainable events that have meaning only when examined as discrete units
(D) a record of the way in which a closed set of immutable psychological laws seems to have shaped events
(E) a proof of the existence of intricate causal interrelationships between past and present events
解析：文章开篇提出旧观点，第二段提出新观点，第三段对新观点展开重点论述，最后一段进一步论述提出与传统历史观的区别。该题目应该定位于原文的第三段末尾，”Psychohistory derives its “facts” not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history.”一个关键的提示词“deduce”得出心理历史学的结论性描述。正确答案即是以上文字的改写，D为正确答案。
【综上所述】GRE阅读的考点主要集中于文章的逻辑结构，论证过程的细节和推导得到的结论。考生只要在第一遍详略得当读原文的过程中对以上重点进行标记，就能在做题目的时候快速定位原文，综合思考得出答案。
GRE阅读的考点主要涉及三个方面：
一、文章的类型：（立论或驳论）考查文章主旨、结构或态度；
二、论述的过程：考查作者如何展开论述、事物特征及相互关系等细节；
三、推理的结论：考查已解决的问题甚至待解决的问题、未来的论述方向等。
下面，我将结合阅读文章实例对以上问题进行一一讲解。
首先，一篇GRE文章，无论长阅读还是短阅读，文章的主旨和结构几乎是必考的题目，也是相对来说比较简单的题目。
解决这类问题的关键就是找出文章的Topic Sentence和Structural Elements。第一遍读文章的时候要对这两者高度敏感，以便回头定位找出文章内容大意，布局谋篇方式，段落间的联系等。
例如：
Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points—periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one’s findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.
Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions “What happened?” and “How did it happen?” have given way to the question “Why did it happen?” Prominent among the methods used to answer the question “Why” is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory.
Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psychohistorians intend. They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derives its “facts” not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic tenet of historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theses. Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the “deepest” explanation of any event, that other explanations fall short of the truth.
Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history (in the sense of the proper mode of studying and writing about the past); it also violates the past itself. It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity. Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.
第一题即是主旨题：
1. Which of the following best states the main point of the passage?
(A) The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in vogue even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method.
(B) Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of psychohistorians.
(C) Areas of sociological study such as childhood and work are of little interest to traditional historians.
(D) The psychological assessment of an individual’s behavior and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life.
(E) History is composed of unique and nonrepeating events that must be individually analyzed on the basis of publicly verifiable evidence.
解析：开篇第一句以traditionally为特征词（SE），讲述了一个对于study of history的旧观点。第二段一开始以recent为特征词（SE）提出新观点，段末提出TS：Prominent among the methods used to answer the question “Why” is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory.很明显这篇文章是驳论的立场。所以主旨题正确答案的句子应该重点体现新观点的特征，且是TS的改写，所以A为正确答案。
其次，作者论述过程中涉及事物与事物间的关系的内容常常是必考内容，这些关系包括相同、相似、相异、递进、转折、因果、相对性，比较级，强对比等等。上面例文的第二题和第五题即是考查此点的题目：
2. It can be inferred from the passage that one way in which traditional history can be distinguished from psychohistory is that traditional history usually
(A) views past events as complex and having their own individuality
(B) relies on a single interpretation of human behavior to explain historical events
(C) interprets historical events in such a way that their specific nature is transcended
(D) turns to psychological explanations in historical contexts to account for events
(E) relies strictly on data that are concrete and quantifiable
解析：从题目可知，“distinguished from”考查的是“强对比”，文章的三段主要说新观点（psychohistory）的特征，第四段进一步论述其特点“it also violates the past itself.”其实”past itself”指的就是traditional history，那么只要对于其中论述psychohistory的特征（It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity.）取反即可，所以A是正确答案。
另外，论证过程的涉及事物本身特征的细节也常是考查的内容。比如，上面例文的第五题就是考察事物特点的题目：
5. The author mentions which of the following as a characteristic of the practice of psychohistorians?
(A) The lives of historical figures are presented in episodic rather than narrative form.
(B) Archives used by psychohistorians to gather material are not accessible to other scholars.
(C) Past and current events are all placed within the same deterministic schema.
(D) Events in the adult life of a historical figure are seen to be more consequential than are those in the childhood of the figure.
(E) Analysis is focused on group behavior rather than on particular events in an individual’s life.
解析：对于这样的题目，解题关键是准确的定位到原文，这也取决于第一次读全文捕捉到的重点是不是到位。这道题原文的定位就是有级特征处（all）的“… it assimilates all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.”对其进行改写，即得到正确答案C
最后，考查文章推论结论的题目几乎必考，比如上面例文的第六题：
6. The author of the passage suggests that psychohistorians view history primarily as
(A) a report of events, causes, and effects that is generally accepted by historians but which is, for the most part, unverifiable
(B) an episodic account that lacks cohesion because records of the role of childhood, work, and leisure in the lives of historical figures are rare
(C) an uncharted sea of seemingly unexplainable events that have meaning only when examined as discrete units
(D) a record of the way in which a closed set of immutable psychological laws seems to have shaped events
(E) a proof of the existence of intricate causal interrelationships between past and present events
解析：文章开篇提出旧观点，第二段提出新观点，第三段对新观点展开重点论述，最后一段进一步论述提出与传统历史观的区别。该题目应该定位于原文的第三段末尾，”Psychohistory derives its “facts” not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history.”一个关键的提示词“deduce”得出心理历史学的结论性描述。正确答案即是以上文字的改写，D为正确答案。
【综上所述】GRE阅读的考点主要集中于文章的逻辑结构，论证过程的细节和推导得到的结论。考生只要在第一遍详略得当读原文的过程中对以上重点进行标记，就能在做题目的时候快速定位原文，综合思考得出答案。
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