小学六年级语文上册(苏教版) 练习2 口语交际(300字)

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2013-09-10
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语文课程标准实验教科书(苏教版)(以下简称“标准本”)二年级上册的“口语交际”,是根据《语文课程标准》第一学段“口语交际”的教学目标编写的。每一课都由“教学提示”和“情境图”组成。“教学提示”对本课的教学目标以及教学顺序提出了大体的要求;“情境图”则为本课的“口语交际”教学提供一个或多个生活化的“口语交际小环境”。教学前,我们应该对照《语文课程标准》,认真研读教材,仔细领悟教材的编写意图,这对于用好教材,有效地进行“口语交际”教学,培养学生口语交际的基本能力是大有裨益的。

从《语文课程标准》第一学段“口语交际”的6个教学目标来看,低年级口语交际的要求着重在三个方面:一是口语交际时要养成讲普通话的习惯;二是口语交际时要认真、努力地听,完整、简要地讲述;三是在口语交际时要有礼貌、有兴趣、有自信心。“标准本”一、二册的教材,已经安排了口语交际“话题”14个。本册教材安排了口语交际“话题”8个。这8个话题可分为三类:

1、“学会系列(《学会祝贺》、《学会请求》、《学会待客》);

2、“交往”系列(《问路》、《买文具》、《看望生病的同学》);

3、“交流”系列(《我长大了做……》、《我打算这样过寒假》)。

需要指出的是,“学会”系列的3个话题,都是设计得非常巧妙的开放性的话题。如《学会祝贺》,并没有将话题封闭在“学会向老师祝贺”上。因此,我们在教学时,可以根据学生的生活实际进行适当的扩展,让学生学习就其它内容向其他人表示祝贺,如可以为爷爷、奶奶等祝贺寿辰,向爸爸、妈妈祝贺生日,向朋友、同学、亲戚祝贺他们在某些方面取得的成功等。如《学会待客》一课,可以将客人换成叔叔、伯伯、爷爷、奶奶,来串门或有事请求帮助的邻居,多年没有见面的远方亲戚等。至于《学会请求》本身就是一个开放式的话题,教学时,我们只要抓住“生活中你也有过向别人请求的事吗?你是怎样做的?”这两个问题拓展开去就可以了。

“交往”系列的话题“问路”、“买文具”、“看望”等,是小学生在日常交往中必然会遇到的事情。学生通过这类话题的学习,应该具备这样的本领:在不识路时会问路;在需要文具时能到小店、商场、超市买到自己需要的文具;在同学生病时能送上问候并能代别人转达问候。

语言是人们在交际活动中交流思想、传递信息的重要工具。《语文课程标准》要求学生“在各种交际活动中,学会倾听、表达与交流,初步学会文明地进行人际沟通和社会交往;发展合作精神”。《我长大了做……》、《我打算这样过寒假》这类的“交流”系列话题,正是基于这种理念设计的。“交流”系列的话题都是开放式,话题选择的是小学生关心的,与他们的学习、生活、发展密切相关的内容。让他们交流“长大了做什么”、“打算怎样过寒假”,一方面是交流思想、传递信息;另一方面就是要让他们“有表达的自信心”,激发他们“积极参加讨论,对感兴趣的话题发表自己的意见”的主动性。这对丰富口语交际的教学内容,提高口语交际的教学效果十分有益。

二、精心选择教学策略

《语文课程标准》提出了“遵循学生的身心发展规律和语文学习规律选择教学策略”的理念,同时对“口语交际”提出了以下教学建议:

“口语交际是听说双方的互动过程。教学活动主要应在具体的交际情境中进行”;

“采用灵活的形式组织教学”;

“鼓励学生在各科教学活动以及日常生活中锻炼口语交际能力”。

第三册“口语交际”的话题是丰富的,“口语交际”:的教学策略也应该是灵活而多样的。根据“教学建议”的精神,在“口语交际”课堂教学的过程中,应该特别重视以下几个教学策略。

1、创设与生活实际相似的交际情境

“口语交际”是在特定的环境里产生的言语活动。离开了“特定的环境”,“口语交际”就无法继续进行。根据“口语交际”的这个特性,我们在教学时,应该尽可能地给每一个“话题”创设与实际生活相似的交际情境。这样会使学生有一种身临其境、似曾相识的感觉,会使学生感到新奇有趣,学生的情绪也会因此变得高涨起来,学生口语交际的主动性就会被激发出来。他们就会怀着浓厚的兴趣,带着饱满的情感,走进“交际情境”,去作进一步体验。

创设“交际情境”的方法很多,应着重从以下几方面人手。

⑴ 利用课本“情境图”创设交际情境

“标准本”“口语交际”的每一课,都配上了“情境图”。这些“情境图”有单幅的,也有多幅的。每一幅“情境图”都从不同方面、不同角度为口语交际创设了与实际生活相近、相似的“交际情境”。有的展现了口语交际的具体场景,有的表现了较完整的口语交际过程,有的反映了口语交际过程中一瞬间的情景。口语交际课上,这些“情境图”可以唤醒学生的生活积累,可以让学生把已有的生活经验与要学习的内容紧密联系起来,激发他们参加口语交际的愿望。因此,我们在创设“交际情境”时,应努力发掘“情境图”的内涵,很好地利用这些“情境图”。

① 凭借“情境图”,语言营造交际情境

语言可以描述事件,渲染气氛,再现情境。在口语交际教学中,我们可以根据“情境图”的内容,用语言来描述、营造交际情境。如《学会祝贺》这一课的情境图有两幅,一幅是一个低年级的小学生正在准备给老师做贺卡,从她的表情上来看,她一定是想好了准备写在贺卡上的话,很开心;另一幅图是一份可以填空的贺卡的样子。根据情境图,我们可以作这样的语言描述:明天就是教师节了,这可把正在上二年级的聪聪急坏了。她想,老师要过节了,我应该为老师做些什么呢?对!应该向老师祝贺一下节日。怎么祝贺呢?给老师送点礼物,可老师不会收礼物的。送一束鲜花吧!不行,鲜花也是礼物呀!对了,自己做一个贺卡送给老师。想到这里,聪聪连忙拿出刚买的24色的水彩笔,找来图画纸,动手做起贺卡来。不一会儿功夫,一张漂亮的贺卡就做好了。聪聪想了想,在上面写上了自己的祝贺词:敬爱的王老师,教师节到了,我祝您节日快乐,身体健康,万事如意!还写上了自己的名字和日期。同学们,你们是不是也想给老师做贺卡呢,现在就动手吧。这样的描述,可以营造“学会祝贺“的交际氛围,学生先进入做贺卡的生活情境,然后拿着做好的贺卡,自然进人“送贺卡时,你打算怎么跟老师说”的讨论环节。

② 根据“情境图”,表演展现交际情境

表演应该是口语交际课最常用的一种创设交际情境的方式。它主要是根据“情境图”的内容,采用分角色表演的办法,展现与“话题”有关的事件情境,为学生主动参与口语交际创造一个逼真的交际氛围。从口语交际的教学实践来看,表演是比较容易将学生带人特定的学习情境的。如教《学会请求》时,可以通过表演展现这样一个交际情境:

李春燕坐在桌边,手里拿着一本《古诗诵读》,摇头晃脑,念念有词的样子。

奶奶正坐在沙发上聚精会神地看京戏(配音响效果)。

李春燕看了看奶奶,用双手捂住耳朵继续背诗。过了一会儿,李春燕噘起嘴巴,作出烦躁的样子。’

奶奶仍在看电视,脸上露出满意的笑容。

李春燕站起来往电视机走过去,突然像想起了什么似的,转身走到奶奶身边。

小学生一般会把表演当成真实的事情。此时,教师抓住时机,用“李春燕想跟奶奶说什么呢?会怎么说呢?”这两个问题,让学生进行角色转换,把学生带人到“请求”的情境里。此时,学生就能调动自己的生活积累,踊跃参加到“怎样向奶奶请求”的学习之中。

《问路》、《看望生病住院的同学》、《学会待客》等话题,都适宜采用表演来展现相关的交际情境。

③ 仿照“情境图”,模拟再现交际情境

模拟可以快捷、方便地创设交际情境。我们可以仿照“情境图”的背景、人物和事件的情节,用模拟的方式再现交际情境。如《买文具》一课,课前可以按“情境图”上的内容,准备好练习本、钢笔、水彩笔等文具,再准备一块超级市场的标牌。在适当的时候,仿照“情境图”,用文具和其它物品摆放出超市文具部的样子(如果需要,也可以在黑板上画一些背景),再让老师(也可以用学生)和一位同学分别扮演售货员和购买文具的小学生,并进行关于购买文具的对话。这个再现的“交际情境”,给学生学习本课题创造了条件。

《看望生病住院的同学》也可以用这种办法模拟再现交际情境。教学时,可以用彩色粉笔在黑板上将“情境图”照葫芦画瓢,引导学生观察“情景图”,然后让学生在“情境图”前进行口语交际练习。

像《学会请求》、《问路》等话题,都可以用模拟的办法再现交际情境。

⑵ 借助电教媒体创设“交际情境”

有些口语交际话题,信息量很大,用以上几种办法创设“交际情境”,不一定能营造出“话题”所需要的氛围。现代化的电教媒体,是弥补此不足的重要技术之一。

《我长大了做……》这个话题,是让学生张开想像的翅膀,互相交流自己的理想、愿望、志向等,话题极为宽泛。这课的“情境图”采用组合的方式,通过选择以教师、医生、工程师等为代表的形象来启发学生进行联想。我们可以借助电教媒体手段,将“情境图”所提供的信息进行扩展:第一,用搜集或拍摄这些“形象”32作的情境画面(摄像也可),将“情境图”中的内容适当展开;第二,增加一些有代表性的“形象”,如飞行员、空中小组、计算机专家、政府官员、艺术家、运动员、企业家、私营业主等资料;第三,采用计算机技术,对资料进行处理,配上音效,做成超级链接的课件。课堂上可以根据需要,随时点击计算机课件来创设交际情境。这样做可以激发学生的“灵感”,拓展他们的思路,寻找到更合适的话题,丰富他们交流的内容。

《我打算这样过寒假》、《看望生病住院的同学》,也可以采用这种方式来创设交际情境。

2、在教学中实现口语交际的双向互动

在日常生活中,交际双方的来言去语,一般都是围绕着交际双方感兴趣的话题进行的。参与交际的双方既是说话人,又是听话人,既是表达者,又是领会者,交际双方的角色变换是不断的,这就形成了言语的双向流动。可见,口语交际有着很强的双向互动性。只有交际的双方处于互动的状态,才是真正意义上的“口语交际”。因此,口语交际教学,应该紧扣教学目标,精心设计,努力实现课堂教学中的口语交际的双向互动。

⑴ 在表演中实现双向互动

表演是小学生最喜欢的一种学习体验方式。表演的本身就有着很强的双向互动性,将表演引进口语交际的课堂,不仅可以创设“交际情境”,还可以有效地促使课堂教学实现和保持双向互动。

一些口语交际话题,有着明显的双向互动性,我们应抓住这一特点来安排教学。’如《问路》这个话题,可以根据“兰兰要去‘白马石刻公园’,可是不知道怎么走,该怎样去问路”的“教学提示”,设计这样的教学过程:

① 让两名学生尝试问路;

② 讨论尝试问路情况,大家出主意,说说应该怎样问路;

③ 仿照“情境图”模拟再现问路情境——路边的公园,一名小学生,正在向一位散步的老爷爷问路;

④ 师生共同讨论后,教师和学生合作表演问路(有示范作用);

⑤ 同位或自选对象练习表演问路。

这个教学过程,就是紧扣教学目标“学会问路”来设计的体现双向互动的过程。本册口语交际话题《学会祝贺》、《学会请求》、《买文具》、《看望生病住院的同学》、《学会待客》,都可以采用在表演中实现双向互动的策略。

⑵ 在需要表达时实现双向互动

在口语交际的课堂教学中,有时会遇到这样的情况:学生对“话题”特别感兴趣,参与口语交际学习的热情也非常高,这时,他们会争先恐后地要求发言、表演。在这种情况下,那种个别式的台上表演已经不能满足课堂口语交际学习的需要了,我们可以将学生组织成若干个小组,让他们在小组里自由选择,自由组合,尽兴表演。当然教师也应该参与进去。像《问路》互动设计的第五步“同位或自选对象练习表演”就属于这种类型。这样做,不仅课堂形成了双向互动,而且互动的面扩大了,互动也带来了良好的学习效果。

⑶ 在需要帮助时实现双向互动

在口语交际的课堂教学中,学生在参与口语交际时,常常会碰到气些“拦路虎”,使口语交际训练不能顺利进行。作为课堂组织者、指导者和参与者的老师,遇到这种情况不要越俎代庖。只要换一种思维,变一个角度,因势利导,就可以将停滞状态的课堂变成双向互动的“场”。做法很简单,就是让遇到问题的学生主动向别人请求帮助。请求可以点名道姓,也可以请老师给予帮助,“被请者”应积极给予请求者以及时的帮助或作出某种响应。如《看望生病住院的同学》一课,有两个地方学习时可能会遇到困难:一处是王小娅委托丁大勇代她向李小燕表示问候,他们都说了些什么呢;另一处是丁大勇见到李小燕应该怎么说呢?如果在口语交际训练时“卡了壳”,交际的双方都可以请求帮助。这样的“一请一助”、“一来一往”、“你来我往”,课堂就实现了双向互动。当然,这样的双向互动也可以是小组式的讨论、交流和补充。

应该注意的是:双向互动必须确立学生的主体地位,教师必须放下架子,与学生平等相处、平等对话,对学生要多宽容、多鼓励。否则,就不会有真正的双向互动。

3、发挥电教片的示范作用

脑科学的研究成果告诉我们,人的语言能力是“习得”的,是一点一点模仿来的。因此,我们在教学过程中应该给学生一些必要的示范。课堂上除了老师、学生的示范之外,我们可以适当发挥电教片的示范作用。为了配合“标准本”的口语交际的教学,教材编辑部组织拍摄了仙、学生口语交际百集》系列片。这是一部精心制作的优秀电教片,本册教材中的《学会祝贺》、《我长大了做……》、《买文具》、《学会待客》等,片中都有很好的口语交际范例。我们在教学时,可以根据教学需要,把握好播放时机,为学生做示范,让学生去学习、模仿。

4、增加口语交际的实践机会

人的口语交际能力是在口语交际的实践中形成的,人的口语交际学习的处延和生活的外延也是相等的。可见,“口语交际”有着很强的实践性。因此,我们应设法给学生增加口语交际的实践机会。

⑴ 坚持在课堂上多给学生实践机会

口语交际的课堂教学结构,必须以学生为主体,多安排学生自主性的实践活动。教师在口语交际的课堂教学中,不要因为一两个学生“说对了”,就认为其余的学生都达标了,然后就忙于完成教案的“下一步”。这样,特别容易把口语交际教学引向“误区”。其实,口语交际课是教师根据教材中的口语交际话题,精心设计教学方案,让学生通过典型话题的实践,快捷地获得和积累口语交际的经验的过程。从人们学习语言的经验来看,学生口语交际经验的积累和能力的形成,是不可能一次就达到要求的。因此,我们在教学中应该把时间让给学生,把机会留给学生,一个话题、一次对话都应采用多种方式,激励他们重复说、反复说。我们还应特别注意哪些口语交际有困难的同学,应鼓励他们参与,多给他们一些尝试和实践的机会,只要参与了,都应充分肯定。要做到:不让一个学生掉队。

其实,课堂只是学生学习口语交际的一个阵地,按照《语文课程标准》的精神,我们还应努力加强学科之间的整合,将口语交际融人各学科的教学之中。学生在课堂的实践机会多了,口语交际能力的提高就会很明显。

⑵ 坚持在日常生活中实践

生活是一个丰富多彩的天地,我们应鼓励学生将在课堂上学到的口语交际本领用于生活实际。如学习了《学会祝贺》,就可以捕捉一些机会,去向亲朋好友、同学老师、名人长者表示祝贺;学了《学会请求》,在遇到什么事情需要别人帮助时,应该试着去请求;学了《礼貌待客》,如果以后家里来了客人,就可以当当主人,试着去接待一下;同样,学了《看望生病住院的同学》,如果班上真有同学病了,可以去看一看,当然,也可以去看一下生病的老师和其他人。其次,在学生的日常生活中,还存在着大量的交际事件,每个事件中都有着广泛的交际话题,我们应注意引导学生利用这些事件进行口语交际实践。此外,还应该采取多种方式,有针对性地组织活动,给学生增加交际实践的机会。如:搞课本剧表演;参加国家纪念日或宣传周、宣传月教育活动;参加走访敬老院为孤寡老人献爱心活动;当校园广播、电视小记者,在校园、去社区采访;参加自己感兴趣的各种组织的活动等。这些“走出去”的实践活动,可以充分发挥学生的主体作用,让他们用自己的智慧去设计活动方案、召集会议、布置安排工作,让他们自己去与别人打交道、解决问题、请求帮助等。这样,他们的口语交际能力必然会得到锻炼和提高。
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2011-10-09
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