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一、什么是直接引语和间接引语
直接引语用来直接引用别人的原话，被引用的话放在引号内；
引出直接引语的引述动词常为say(说道)，ask(问道)，shout(喊道)，cry(喊道)，order(命令)，add(补充道)，等。
e.g.Laura said,“I would like to visit China this summer.”
劳拉说：“今年夏天，我想去中国游览。”
“Mary will give me a nice present,”Bobbie said.
博比说：“玛丽要给我一件精美的礼物。”
David said to me,“I have been ill since 1ast week.”
大卫对我说：“自上周以来，我一直病着。”
Justin asked his mother,“Can I watch TV for a while?”
贾斯延问妈妈：“我能看一会儿电视吗?”
The doctor asked:“What’s the matter with you?”
医生问：“你怎么了?”
2．间接引语：
间接引语用自己的话来转述别人的话语，不需要引号，被转述部分叫做间接引语。实际上间接引语大多数情况下构成宾语从句（其中由祈使句转换的间接引语除外，其转换后是不定式）。
e.g.Mill said that he would stay in China for another year.
米尔说他将在中国再呆一年。
Lily told me that she had phoned you.
莉莉告诉我她给你打过电话。
The girl asked me if I could help her.
小姑娘问我是否能帮她。
Tamara asked Tanya when they would start off.
特玛拉问塔尼亚他们什么时候出发。
(二)直接引语与间接引语的转换
直接引语在很多情况下可以转换成间接引语，此时应注意引导词、人称、时态、指示代词、地点状语、时间状语和方向性动词的变化。
一，引导词
1．陈述句
直接引语为陈述句。用连词that引导，that在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可直用接引语中的said, 也可用told来代替，注意，可以说said that, said to sb. that, told sb. that，不可直接说told that, 如：
He said, “I have been to the Great Wall.”
——>He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall.
He said, “I'll give you an examination next Monday.”
——>He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.（不可说told that）
2．疑问句
直接引语为一般疑问句，（也称是否疑问句，）间接引语用连词
whether或if引导，原主句中谓语动词said要改为asked（me/
him/us等），语序是陈述句的语序，这一点非常重要。
He said, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation?”
——>He asked（me）whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.
He said, “You are interested in English, aren't you?”
——>He asked whether I was interested in English.
3） 直接引语为选择疑问句，间接引语用whether…or…表达，而不用if…or…，如：
He asked, “Do you speak English or French?”——>
He asked me whether I spoke English or French..
I asked, “Will you take bus or take train?”——>
I asked him whether he would take bus or take train.
4）直接引语为特殊疑问句，改成间接引语时，原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词，主句的谓语动词用ask（sb.）来表达，语序改为陈述句语序。如：
He asked，“What's your name?”
——> He asked（me）what my name was.
He asked us, “How many car factories have been built in your country?”
——>He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country.
二．人称的变化（人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词）
如何变人称：
下面有一句顺口溜“一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：
She said. "My brother wants to go with me. "
→She said her brother wanted to go with her.
“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：
He said to Kate. "How is your sister now?"
→He asked Kate how her sister was then。
“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：
Mr Smith said。 "Jack is a good worker。"
→Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。
三．时态的变化
（1）主句中谓语动词的时态如果是现在时或将来时，则间接引语中时态和原直接引语的时态一样，不作改变。
e.g. He always says, “I am tired out.”
——>He always says that he is tired out.
（2）时态变化的情况
直接引语改为间接引语时，主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时，从句（即间接引语部分）的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化，变成过去时范畴的各种时态（实际也是宾语从句的时态要求），变化如下：
直接引语 间接引语
一般现在时 一般过去时
一般过去时 过去完成时
现在进行时 过去进行时
过去完成时 过去完成时
现在完成时 过去完成时
过去进行时 过去进行时
一般将来时 过去将来时
e.g.Tina said,“I usually get up at six.”→
Tim said she usually got up at six.
蒂娜说她通常六点起床。(一般现在时变为一般过去时)
Martin told me,“I rang Alice yesterday.”→
Martin told me that he had rung Alice the day before.
马丁告诉我说他昨天已经给艾丽斯打电话了。(一般过去时变为过去完成时)
Nina told me,“Lisa is studying abroad.”
Nina told me that Lisa was studying abroad.
尼娜告诉我丽莎正在国外学习。(现在进行时变为过去进行时)
Hayley said to me,“I will see you at the same place tomorrow.”→
Hayley said to me that she would see me at the same place the next day.
海莉对我讲她第二天要在同一地点见我。(一般将来时变为过去将来时)
Nell said,“I have worked out this problem.”→
Nell said that she had worked out that problem.
内尔说她已经做出了那道题目。(现在完成时改为过去完成时)
Bob told me,“I had worked here for years before I moved out.”→
Bob told me that he had worked there for years before he moved out.
鲍勃告诉我说他在那儿工作了多年才搬走。(过去完成时不变)
☆：时态不需要变化的几种情况
一般说来当直接引语转为间接引语，被转述的话依然有效或在当时、当地转述时，常常不改变时态。具体有以下几种情况。
①直接引语有确定的过去时间时。
e.g.Chloe said,“The story took place in the 1930s.”→
Chloe said that the story took place in the 1930s.
克劳说这个故事发生在二十世纪三十年代。
②只着眼于转述事实，而不侧重动作先于转述动作的时间时。
e.g.The boy said,“I found the dog just at the edge of the wood.”→
The boy said that he found the dog just at the edge of the wood.
男孩说他在森林边上发现了那条狗。
③所转述的动作或状态说话时仍在继续，并对此点加以强调时。
e.g.The reporter said,“The war is now still on.”→
The reporter said that the war is now still on.
记者说战争依然在继续。
Charlie told me,“I am just helping my dad on the farm right now.”→
Charlie told me that he is just helping his dad on the farm right now.
查理告诉我说他现在正在农场帮他父亲干活。
④所转述的是自然现象、科学真理、名言警句等，并对此加以强调时。
e.g.Our English teacher said,“the sun rises in the east.”→
Our English teacher told us that the sun rises in the east.
四．指示代词的变化
直接引语中的this在变为间接引语时应改为that，these改为those。
e.g.Toby said to me,“This is the School Computer Center.”→
Toby said to me that was the School Computer Center.(this变为that)
托比告诉我说那就是学校计算机中心。
Kerry told me,“These photos were taken ten years ago.”→
Kerry told me that those photos had been taken ten years before.(these变为those)
克里告诉我说那些照片是十年前拍的。
注意：
在说话者的当时、当地转述时，this，that不用改变。
—Nora said,“I’ll take this book.”
—What did Nora say just now?
—She said she will take this book.
五．时间状语的变化
直接引语
间接引语
now现在
then那时
today今天
that day那天
this evening今晚
that evening那天晚上
yesterday昨天
the day before前天
yesterday morning昨天上午
the morning before前天早晨
last night昨天晚上
the night before前天晚上
two days ago两天前
two days before两天前
next week下周
the next week
the following week第二周
tomorrow明天
the next day
the following day第二天
the day before yesterday前天
two days before两天前
the day after tomorrow后天
in two days’ time
two days after两天后
e.g.Nell said,“I’m visiting China now.”→
Nell said that she was visiting China then.
内尔说她当时正访问中国。(now变为then)
Rebecca asked me,“Have you got anything on this evening?”→
Rebecca asked me whether I had got anything on that evening.
丽贝卡问我那天晚上是否有事。(this evening变为that evening)
Joanna said,“Professor Black is going to give a lecture on SARS next week.”→
Joanna said that Professor Black was going to give a lecture on SARS the next week.
乔安娜说布莱克教授第二周要做一场有关非典的讲座。(next week变为the next week)
特别提示
在说话者的当时、当地转述时，所说的话在转述时还起作用，时间状语不变。
e.g.—Jimmy, we’ll take a trip to Hawaii tomorrow.
吉米，明天我们到夏威夷去旅行。
—What did Daddy say just now, Mummy?
妈妈，爸爸说什么？
—He said we’ll take a trip to Hawaii tomorrow.
他说明天我们去夏威夷旅行。
五．地点状语的变化
常见的地点状语变化是把here，变为there。另外over here应变为over there。
e.g.The boy said,“This is the first time I have been here.”→
The boy said that that was the first time he had been there.
这个男孩说那是他第一次到那个地方。(here变为there)
Roman told me,“I just put all the things over here.”→
Roman told me that he had just put all the things over there.
罗曼告诉我他刚才把所有的东西都放在那边了。(over here变为over there)
特别提示
在说话者的当时、当地转述时，here，over here不用改变。
e.g.—Will you come here, Jim?
吉姆请到这边来，好吗？
—What does Robert say?
罗伯特刚才说什么？
—He asked if you will come here.
他问你是否可以到这边来。
六．方向性动词的变化
在直接引语变为间接引语时，表示方向性的动词bring，come应变为take，go。
e.g.My sister asked me,“Could you bring the chairs upstairs?”→
My sister asked me if I could take the chairs upstairs.
我的姐姐问我能否把椅子拿到楼上去。(bring变为take)
Helen told me,“I’d prefer you to come to the party this weekend.”→
Helen told me that she would prefer me to go to the party that weekend.
海伦告诉我她愿意让我那个周末去参加宴会。(come变为go)
注意：（祈使句）
直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为"tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth."句型。如：
"Don’t make any noise," she said to the children.
→She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise.
"Bring me a cup of tea, please," said she.
→She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.
e.g.“Come in and sit down, please!”Cher said to us.→
Cher told/asked us to come in and sit down.
雪儿让我们进来坐下。
“Don’t always be so nervous, John”, one of them said.→
One of them told John not to be so nervous.
其中一个人告诉约翰不要紧张。
He said，“Be seated, please.”
——> He asked us to be seated.
“Do be careful with your handwriting.” He said.
——>He told me to be careful with my handwriting.
“Never come here again!” said the officer nearby.
—>The officer ordered the villagers never to go there again.。
☆直接引语如果是以“Let‘s”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest +动句词（或从句）。”如：
He said, "Let’s go to the film."
→He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film.如：
4．感叹句
感叹句变为间接引语时可用what或how引导，也可用that引导。
e.g.“What a lovely day it is!”they all shouted.→
They all shouted what a lovely day it was.
They all shouted how lovely a day it was.
They all shouted that it was a lovely day.
典例剖析
例题1．Last Sunday my brother told me,“I’m going to see you tomorrow.”(改为间接引语)
解题技巧：
此句改为间接引语时需要改动的地方首先是人称I要根据主语my brother改为he，you要根据me改为me。第二是is going to要改为was going to。第三是tomorrow要改为the next day。
答案：
Last Sunday my brother told me (that) he was going to see me the next day.
例题2．He asked Li Ying,“Were you watching TV at this time yesterday?”(改为间接引语)
解题技巧：
此句改为间接引语时，首先要知道这是一般关系问句的直接引语改为间接引语，要加连接词if或whether，时态可以不用改，但yesterday要改为the day before。人称you要根据Li Ying用he或she。
答案：
He asked Li Ying if/whether he/she was watching TV at this time the day before.
例题3．He said that he would do it.(改为直接引语)
解题技巧：
首先去掉连接词that，人称he改为I，would改为will。再加上引号。
答案：
He said,“I will do it.”
直接引语用来直接引用别人的原话，被引用的话放在引号内；
引出直接引语的引述动词常为say(说道)，ask(问道)，shout(喊道)，cry(喊道)，order(命令)，add(补充道)，等。
e.g.Laura said,“I would like to visit China this summer.”
劳拉说：“今年夏天，我想去中国游览。”
“Mary will give me a nice present,”Bobbie said.
博比说：“玛丽要给我一件精美的礼物。”
David said to me,“I have been ill since 1ast week.”
大卫对我说：“自上周以来，我一直病着。”
Justin asked his mother,“Can I watch TV for a while?”
贾斯延问妈妈：“我能看一会儿电视吗?”
The doctor asked:“What’s the matter with you?”
医生问：“你怎么了?”
2．间接引语：
间接引语用自己的话来转述别人的话语，不需要引号，被转述部分叫做间接引语。实际上间接引语大多数情况下构成宾语从句（其中由祈使句转换的间接引语除外，其转换后是不定式）。
e.g.Mill said that he would stay in China for another year.
米尔说他将在中国再呆一年。
Lily told me that she had phoned you.
莉莉告诉我她给你打过电话。
The girl asked me if I could help her.
小姑娘问我是否能帮她。
Tamara asked Tanya when they would start off.
特玛拉问塔尼亚他们什么时候出发。
(二)直接引语与间接引语的转换
直接引语在很多情况下可以转换成间接引语，此时应注意引导词、人称、时态、指示代词、地点状语、时间状语和方向性动词的变化。
一，引导词
1．陈述句
直接引语为陈述句。用连词that引导，that在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可直用接引语中的said, 也可用told来代替，注意，可以说said that, said to sb. that, told sb. that，不可直接说told that, 如：
He said, “I have been to the Great Wall.”
——>He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall.
He said, “I'll give you an examination next Monday.”
——>He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.（不可说told that）
2．疑问句
直接引语为一般疑问句，（也称是否疑问句，）间接引语用连词
whether或if引导，原主句中谓语动词said要改为asked（me/
him/us等），语序是陈述句的语序，这一点非常重要。
He said, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation?”
——>He asked（me）whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.
He said, “You are interested in English, aren't you?”
——>He asked whether I was interested in English.
3） 直接引语为选择疑问句，间接引语用whether…or…表达，而不用if…or…，如：
He asked, “Do you speak English or French?”——>
He asked me whether I spoke English or French..
I asked, “Will you take bus or take train?”——>
I asked him whether he would take bus or take train.
4）直接引语为特殊疑问句，改成间接引语时，原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词，主句的谓语动词用ask（sb.）来表达，语序改为陈述句语序。如：
He asked，“What's your name?”
——> He asked（me）what my name was.
He asked us, “How many car factories have been built in your country?”
——>He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country.
二．人称的变化（人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词）
如何变人称：
下面有一句顺口溜“一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：
She said. "My brother wants to go with me. "
→She said her brother wanted to go with her.
“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：
He said to Kate. "How is your sister now?"
→He asked Kate how her sister was then。
“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：
Mr Smith said。 "Jack is a good worker。"
→Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。
三．时态的变化
（1）主句中谓语动词的时态如果是现在时或将来时，则间接引语中时态和原直接引语的时态一样，不作改变。
e.g. He always says, “I am tired out.”
——>He always says that he is tired out.
（2）时态变化的情况
直接引语改为间接引语时，主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时，从句（即间接引语部分）的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化，变成过去时范畴的各种时态（实际也是宾语从句的时态要求），变化如下：
直接引语 间接引语
一般现在时 一般过去时
一般过去时 过去完成时
现在进行时 过去进行时
过去完成时 过去完成时
现在完成时 过去完成时
过去进行时 过去进行时
一般将来时 过去将来时
e.g.Tina said,“I usually get up at six.”→
Tim said she usually got up at six.
蒂娜说她通常六点起床。(一般现在时变为一般过去时)
Martin told me,“I rang Alice yesterday.”→
Martin told me that he had rung Alice the day before.
马丁告诉我说他昨天已经给艾丽斯打电话了。(一般过去时变为过去完成时)
Nina told me,“Lisa is studying abroad.”
Nina told me that Lisa was studying abroad.
尼娜告诉我丽莎正在国外学习。(现在进行时变为过去进行时)
Hayley said to me,“I will see you at the same place tomorrow.”→
Hayley said to me that she would see me at the same place the next day.
海莉对我讲她第二天要在同一地点见我。(一般将来时变为过去将来时)
Nell said,“I have worked out this problem.”→
Nell said that she had worked out that problem.
内尔说她已经做出了那道题目。(现在完成时改为过去完成时)
Bob told me,“I had worked here for years before I moved out.”→
Bob told me that he had worked there for years before he moved out.
鲍勃告诉我说他在那儿工作了多年才搬走。(过去完成时不变)
☆：时态不需要变化的几种情况
一般说来当直接引语转为间接引语，被转述的话依然有效或在当时、当地转述时，常常不改变时态。具体有以下几种情况。
①直接引语有确定的过去时间时。
e.g.Chloe said,“The story took place in the 1930s.”→
Chloe said that the story took place in the 1930s.
克劳说这个故事发生在二十世纪三十年代。
②只着眼于转述事实，而不侧重动作先于转述动作的时间时。
e.g.The boy said,“I found the dog just at the edge of the wood.”→
The boy said that he found the dog just at the edge of the wood.
男孩说他在森林边上发现了那条狗。
③所转述的动作或状态说话时仍在继续，并对此点加以强调时。
e.g.The reporter said,“The war is now still on.”→
The reporter said that the war is now still on.
记者说战争依然在继续。
Charlie told me,“I am just helping my dad on the farm right now.”→
Charlie told me that he is just helping his dad on the farm right now.
查理告诉我说他现在正在农场帮他父亲干活。
④所转述的是自然现象、科学真理、名言警句等，并对此加以强调时。
e.g.Our English teacher said,“the sun rises in the east.”→
Our English teacher told us that the sun rises in the east.
四．指示代词的变化
直接引语中的this在变为间接引语时应改为that，these改为those。
e.g.Toby said to me,“This is the School Computer Center.”→
Toby said to me that was the School Computer Center.(this变为that)
托比告诉我说那就是学校计算机中心。
Kerry told me,“These photos were taken ten years ago.”→
Kerry told me that those photos had been taken ten years before.(these变为those)
克里告诉我说那些照片是十年前拍的。
注意：
在说话者的当时、当地转述时，this，that不用改变。
—Nora said,“I’ll take this book.”
—What did Nora say just now?
—She said she will take this book.
五．时间状语的变化
直接引语
间接引语
now现在
then那时
today今天
that day那天
this evening今晚
that evening那天晚上
yesterday昨天
the day before前天
yesterday morning昨天上午
the morning before前天早晨
last night昨天晚上
the night before前天晚上
two days ago两天前
two days before两天前
next week下周
the next week
the following week第二周
tomorrow明天
the next day
the following day第二天
the day before yesterday前天
two days before两天前
the day after tomorrow后天
in two days’ time
two days after两天后
e.g.Nell said,“I’m visiting China now.”→
Nell said that she was visiting China then.
内尔说她当时正访问中国。(now变为then)
Rebecca asked me,“Have you got anything on this evening?”→
Rebecca asked me whether I had got anything on that evening.
丽贝卡问我那天晚上是否有事。(this evening变为that evening)
Joanna said,“Professor Black is going to give a lecture on SARS next week.”→
Joanna said that Professor Black was going to give a lecture on SARS the next week.
乔安娜说布莱克教授第二周要做一场有关非典的讲座。(next week变为the next week)
特别提示
在说话者的当时、当地转述时，所说的话在转述时还起作用，时间状语不变。
e.g.—Jimmy, we’ll take a trip to Hawaii tomorrow.
吉米，明天我们到夏威夷去旅行。
—What did Daddy say just now, Mummy?
妈妈，爸爸说什么？
—He said we’ll take a trip to Hawaii tomorrow.
他说明天我们去夏威夷旅行。
五．地点状语的变化
常见的地点状语变化是把here，变为there。另外over here应变为over there。
e.g.The boy said,“This is the first time I have been here.”→
The boy said that that was the first time he had been there.
这个男孩说那是他第一次到那个地方。(here变为there)
Roman told me,“I just put all the things over here.”→
Roman told me that he had just put all the things over there.
罗曼告诉我他刚才把所有的东西都放在那边了。(over here变为over there)
特别提示
在说话者的当时、当地转述时，here，over here不用改变。
e.g.—Will you come here, Jim?
吉姆请到这边来，好吗？
—What does Robert say?
罗伯特刚才说什么？
—He asked if you will come here.
他问你是否可以到这边来。
六．方向性动词的变化
在直接引语变为间接引语时，表示方向性的动词bring，come应变为take，go。
e.g.My sister asked me,“Could you bring the chairs upstairs?”→
My sister asked me if I could take the chairs upstairs.
我的姐姐问我能否把椅子拿到楼上去。(bring变为take)
Helen told me,“I’d prefer you to come to the party this weekend.”→
Helen told me that she would prefer me to go to the party that weekend.
海伦告诉我她愿意让我那个周末去参加宴会。(come变为go)
注意：（祈使句）
直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为"tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth."句型。如：
"Don’t make any noise," she said to the children.
→She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise.
"Bring me a cup of tea, please," said she.
→She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.
e.g.“Come in and sit down, please!”Cher said to us.→
Cher told/asked us to come in and sit down.
雪儿让我们进来坐下。
“Don’t always be so nervous, John”, one of them said.→
One of them told John not to be so nervous.
其中一个人告诉约翰不要紧张。
He said，“Be seated, please.”
——> He asked us to be seated.
“Do be careful with your handwriting.” He said.
——>He told me to be careful with my handwriting.
“Never come here again!” said the officer nearby.
—>The officer ordered the villagers never to go there again.。
☆直接引语如果是以“Let‘s”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest +动句词（或从句）。”如：
He said, "Let’s go to the film."
→He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film.如：
4．感叹句
感叹句变为间接引语时可用what或how引导，也可用that引导。
e.g.“What a lovely day it is!”they all shouted.→
They all shouted what a lovely day it was.
They all shouted how lovely a day it was.
They all shouted that it was a lovely day.
典例剖析
例题1．Last Sunday my brother told me,“I’m going to see you tomorrow.”(改为间接引语)
解题技巧：
此句改为间接引语时需要改动的地方首先是人称I要根据主语my brother改为he，you要根据me改为me。第二是is going to要改为was going to。第三是tomorrow要改为the next day。
答案：
Last Sunday my brother told me (that) he was going to see me the next day.
例题2．He asked Li Ying,“Were you watching TV at this time yesterday?”(改为间接引语)
解题技巧：
此句改为间接引语时，首先要知道这是一般关系问句的直接引语改为间接引语，要加连接词if或whether，时态可以不用改，但yesterday要改为the day before。人称you要根据Li Ying用he或she。
答案：
He asked Li Ying if/whether he/she was watching TV at this time the day before.
例题3．He said that he would do it.(改为直接引语)
解题技巧：
首先去掉连接词that，人称he改为I，would改为will。再加上引号。
答案：
He said,“I will do it.”
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