Lesson85 Never too old to learn 活到老学到老
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I have just received a letter from my old school, informing me that my former headmaster, Mr. Stuart Page, will be retiring next week. Pupils of the school, old and new, will be sending him a present to mark the occasion. All those who have contributed towards the gift will sign their names in a large album which will be sent to the headmaster's home. We shall all remember Mr. Page for his patience and understanding and for the kindly encouragement he gave us when we went so unwillingly to school. A great many former pupils will be attending a farewell dinner in his honour next Thursday. It is a curious coincidence that the day before his retirement, Mr. Page will have been teaching for a total of forty years. After he has retired, he will devote himself to gardening. For him, this will be an entirely new hobby. But this does not matter, for, as he has often remarked, one is never too old to learn.
1. inform/remind sb. of sth.
2. catch on with 追赶上
3. accelarate/ faciliate
4. in his honour by name?
5. album 专辑，相册
6. 不情愿地:unwillingly， reluctant，grudgingly（ 不满；积怨；怨恨；If you have or bear a grudge against someone, you have unfriendly feelings towards them because of something they did in the past.）
7. you can't teach an old dogs new tricks. 老狗学不了新把戏;老年人很难适应新事物.
8. 大量
修饰不可数名词的有:1.much+不可数名词 2. quite a little 3. an amount of 4. amounts of 5. a great deal of
修饰可数名词复数的有：1.a good/great many 2.many+复数名词 3.many a +可数名词单数 4.a good/great/large number of 5. quite a few 6. scores of 7. dozens of
既可修饰可数名词复数,又可修饰不可数名词的有:1.a lot of 2.lots of 3.plenty of 4.a quantity of 5.quantities of 6.a block of 7.blocks of 8.a mass of 9.masses of
下面还有几句歌诀，帮助记忆： （当中只出现短语中的中心词） little amount 不可 deal;（这三个中心词的短语是修饰不可数名词的） many number 可 few; （这三个中心词的短语是修饰可数名词复数的） lot plenty quantity 可不可；（这三个中心词的短语可以修饰可数名词复数，也可修饰不可数名词） little many few 无 of。（这三个中心词的短语后面没有of）
9. keep track of 记录
10. 良性循环 virtuous cycle; 恶性循环: vicious cycle
11. 学习曲线 I am on the learning curve
everyone in the center has been through a very deep learning curve（difficult to learn，quick to learn）.
12. learning from scratch
从零开始;从头做起;白手起家；If you do something from scratch , you do it without making use of anything that has been done before. [PHR after v]
1.通病:
1） 不要在词尾加schwa sound （大多数中国人学英语的通病），譬如说like，just
2） 不要多加r，album /'ælb ə m/ not / ər /
3） ly 是/l ɪ/ 不是/e ɪ/，类似的还有we，he
2. 语音语调: 最后一句话，for 因为，不要重读，就像中文中不要重读“因为”一样
4. contribute /kən'trɪbjut/
contribution /ˌkɑntrɪ'bjuʃən/
5. 语气词
1）表示停顿需要思考，犹豫，或者不确定: well，uh，Er.../Umm.. ，Let me see. *see “考虑”、“盘算”、“想”，口语中常用来表示无法立刻答复，一时想不出回答的话，或想说点什么
2）表示同意，赞同: exactly，all right
3）表示惊讶: oh my god/ oh my gosh/ gosh/ wow/ holy cow天哪，哇塞
4）表示该死，倒霉: damn 有点脏话的感觉，朋友直接开玩笑可以用，但是陌生人之间不要用/ shoot 只有很轻微的诅咒的意思，在口语中是感叹词"唷!""糟糕!"的意思Shoot! I forget to pass out the notice.（shoot还有嫩芽的意思; 搬起石头砸自己的脚;自作自受；If you shoot yourself in the foot , something you say or do causes you harm.）
唷!我忘记传送通知了
情态动词+have+done
(一). 表推测的用法
1. must have done 表示对过去某事的肯定猜测，译为： 过去肯定做了某事 。不存在 mustn't have done 的形式。其 否定或疑问形式须用 can(could) 来表示. 例如：
Since the road is wet, it must have rained last night. 既然路是湿的，那昨天晚上肯定下雨了。
He can't have missed the way. I drew him a map. 他不可能迷路。我（当时）给他画了张图。
“The dictionary has disappeared. Who could have taken it?” 词典不见了，（过去）谁可能把它拿走了？
2. may / might have done
may / might have done 表示 “过去可能做了某事” 。may 比 might 表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。 may/might not have done表示“过去可能没有做某事 。”例如：
I can't find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday. 我找不到我的钥匙了。我可能昨天把他们落在学校了。
John may/might not have passed the exam; he looks very sad.约翰可能没有通过考试。他看起来很忧伤。
注意： may/might have done表推测不能用于疑问句中 。一般用can/could have done sth.很可能做过某事
3. can/could have done 表推测一般用在 否定句和疑问句 中，表示 不相信或怀疑 的态度;间或肯定句
Can/Could he have passed the exam?他可能通过了考试吗？
I think that he couldn’t/can't have gone abroad. I saw him just now.我认为他不可能出国了。我刚才还看见他了。
注：表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时，就表示的可能性程度而言， must 最大，could 其次，may 更次之，might 最小。 例如：
“I wonder how Tom knew about your past.” “我想知道汤姆是怎么知道你的过去的。”
“He must / could / may / might have heard of it from Mary.” “他肯定/很可能/可能/兴许（没准儿）已从玛丽那儿听说此事了。”一、 “ must +have+done”表示对过去事情的肯定推测,译成“ 一定做过某事 ”,该结构只用于肯定句.
4.would have done:想必会/肯定会做某事
President Obama has canceled plans to set stronger air quality rules in the United States.The president said these plans would have forced（想必会/肯定会迫使）
businesses to take action at a time when the country's economy is weak. On Friday, president Obama ordered environment officials to halt a plan that would have affected（想必会/肯定会影响） companies, states and cities. All three would have required to reduce the amount of chemicals that case smog.
Failure to do so, would have led to（肯定会/想必会导致） federal action.
(二). 在虚拟语气中的用法
1. “ could +have+done”是 虚拟语气 ,表示对过去事情的假设,意思是 本来能够做某事而没有做. ”注意：其否定形式 couldn't have done 没有虚拟语气的用法 ，couldn't have done 只能 表推测 ，相当于 can't have done，意为：“过去不可能做了某事。”
He could have passed the exam,but he was too careless.本来他能够通过考试,但是他太粗心.
2. “ should +have+done”意思是“ 本来应该做某事,而实际没做 .” “ shouldn't +have+done”表示 本来不应该做某事,而实际做了.含有指责对方或自责的含意 .
1).Tom,you are too lazy.The work should have been finished yesterday.汤姆,你太懒惰了,这项工作本来应该昨天就做完的.
2).Look,Tom is crying.I shouldn't have been so harsh on him.看,汤姆哭了,我本来不应该对他如此严厉.
3. “ ought to +have+done”表示过去应该做而实际并没有做,译成“ 理应做…… ”,往往表示遗憾.与“should+have+done”用法基本一样.
I ought to have gone home last Sunday.我理应上星期日回家.
You ought not to have given him more help.你不应该帮助他那么多.
4. “ need +have+done”表示 本来需要做某事而没有做 .“ needn't +have+done”则表示“ 本来不需要做某事而做了”.
I needn't have bought so much wine—only five people came.我本来没有必要买这么多酒,只来了五个人.
He need have hurried to the station.In that case,be wouldn't have missed the train.他本来需要快点去车站,那样的话,他就不会误了火车.
5. might (不能用 may) have done 表示“ 过去本可以做某事却未做。 ” 注意：其 否定形式 might not have done 没有虚拟语气的用法 ，might not have done 只能表推测，相当于 may not have done，意为：“过去可能没有做某事。”
1.He might have given you more help,even though he was busy.(MET90) 他或许会多给你一些帮助,即使他很忙.
6. “ would +have+done” 虚拟语气 ,表示对过去事情的假设,意思是“ 本来会做，但没有做 ”
它的使用在条件句中很常见.如
1. If I hadn’t been ill,I would have finished the work.
2.Without your help,I wouldn't have achieved so much.没有你的帮助,我是不会取得如此大的成绩.
3. I would have told you all about the boy's story, but you didn't ask me.
1. inform/remind sb. of sth.
2. catch on with 追赶上
3. accelarate/ faciliate
4. in his honour by name?
5. album 专辑，相册
6. 不情愿地:unwillingly， reluctant，grudgingly（ 不满；积怨；怨恨；If you have or bear a grudge against someone, you have unfriendly feelings towards them because of something they did in the past.）
7. you can't teach an old dogs new tricks. 老狗学不了新把戏;老年人很难适应新事物.
8. 大量
修饰不可数名词的有:1.much+不可数名词 2. quite a little 3. an amount of 4. amounts of 5. a great deal of
修饰可数名词复数的有：1.a good/great many 2.many+复数名词 3.many a +可数名词单数 4.a good/great/large number of 5. quite a few 6. scores of 7. dozens of
既可修饰可数名词复数,又可修饰不可数名词的有:1.a lot of 2.lots of 3.plenty of 4.a quantity of 5.quantities of 6.a block of 7.blocks of 8.a mass of 9.masses of
下面还有几句歌诀，帮助记忆： （当中只出现短语中的中心词） little amount 不可 deal;（这三个中心词的短语是修饰不可数名词的） many number 可 few; （这三个中心词的短语是修饰可数名词复数的） lot plenty quantity 可不可；（这三个中心词的短语可以修饰可数名词复数，也可修饰不可数名词） little many few 无 of。（这三个中心词的短语后面没有of）
9. keep track of 记录
10. 良性循环 virtuous cycle; 恶性循环: vicious cycle
11. 学习曲线 I am on the learning curve
everyone in the center has been through a very deep learning curve（difficult to learn，quick to learn）.
12. learning from scratch
从零开始;从头做起;白手起家；If you do something from scratch , you do it without making use of anything that has been done before. [PHR after v]
1.通病:
1） 不要在词尾加schwa sound （大多数中国人学英语的通病），譬如说like，just
2） 不要多加r，album /'ælb ə m/ not / ər /
3） ly 是/l ɪ/ 不是/e ɪ/，类似的还有we，he
2. 语音语调: 最后一句话，for 因为，不要重读，就像中文中不要重读“因为”一样
4. contribute /kən'trɪbjut/
contribution /ˌkɑntrɪ'bjuʃən/
5. 语气词
1）表示停顿需要思考，犹豫，或者不确定: well，uh，Er.../Umm.. ，Let me see. *see “考虑”、“盘算”、“想”，口语中常用来表示无法立刻答复，一时想不出回答的话，或想说点什么
2）表示同意，赞同: exactly，all right
3）表示惊讶: oh my god/ oh my gosh/ gosh/ wow/ holy cow天哪，哇塞
4）表示该死，倒霉: damn 有点脏话的感觉，朋友直接开玩笑可以用，但是陌生人之间不要用/ shoot 只有很轻微的诅咒的意思，在口语中是感叹词"唷!""糟糕!"的意思Shoot! I forget to pass out the notice.（shoot还有嫩芽的意思; 搬起石头砸自己的脚;自作自受；If you shoot yourself in the foot , something you say or do causes you harm.）
唷!我忘记传送通知了
情态动词+have+done
(一). 表推测的用法
1. must have done 表示对过去某事的肯定猜测，译为： 过去肯定做了某事 。不存在 mustn't have done 的形式。其 否定或疑问形式须用 can(could) 来表示. 例如：
Since the road is wet, it must have rained last night. 既然路是湿的，那昨天晚上肯定下雨了。
He can't have missed the way. I drew him a map. 他不可能迷路。我（当时）给他画了张图。
“The dictionary has disappeared. Who could have taken it?” 词典不见了，（过去）谁可能把它拿走了？
2. may / might have done
may / might have done 表示 “过去可能做了某事” 。may 比 might 表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。 may/might not have done表示“过去可能没有做某事 。”例如：
I can't find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday. 我找不到我的钥匙了。我可能昨天把他们落在学校了。
John may/might not have passed the exam; he looks very sad.约翰可能没有通过考试。他看起来很忧伤。
注意： may/might have done表推测不能用于疑问句中 。一般用can/could have done sth.很可能做过某事
3. can/could have done 表推测一般用在 否定句和疑问句 中，表示 不相信或怀疑 的态度;间或肯定句
Can/Could he have passed the exam?他可能通过了考试吗？
I think that he couldn’t/can't have gone abroad. I saw him just now.我认为他不可能出国了。我刚才还看见他了。
注：表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时，就表示的可能性程度而言， must 最大，could 其次，may 更次之，might 最小。 例如：
“I wonder how Tom knew about your past.” “我想知道汤姆是怎么知道你的过去的。”
“He must / could / may / might have heard of it from Mary.” “他肯定/很可能/可能/兴许（没准儿）已从玛丽那儿听说此事了。”一、 “ must +have+done”表示对过去事情的肯定推测,译成“ 一定做过某事 ”,该结构只用于肯定句.
4.would have done:想必会/肯定会做某事
President Obama has canceled plans to set stronger air quality rules in the United States.The president said these plans would have forced（想必会/肯定会迫使）
businesses to take action at a time when the country's economy is weak. On Friday, president Obama ordered environment officials to halt a plan that would have affected（想必会/肯定会影响） companies, states and cities. All three would have required to reduce the amount of chemicals that case smog.
Failure to do so, would have led to（肯定会/想必会导致） federal action.
(二). 在虚拟语气中的用法
1. “ could +have+done”是 虚拟语气 ,表示对过去事情的假设,意思是 本来能够做某事而没有做. ”注意：其否定形式 couldn't have done 没有虚拟语气的用法 ，couldn't have done 只能 表推测 ，相当于 can't have done，意为：“过去不可能做了某事。”
He could have passed the exam,but he was too careless.本来他能够通过考试,但是他太粗心.
2. “ should +have+done”意思是“ 本来应该做某事,而实际没做 .” “ shouldn't +have+done”表示 本来不应该做某事,而实际做了.含有指责对方或自责的含意 .
1).Tom,you are too lazy.The work should have been finished yesterday.汤姆,你太懒惰了,这项工作本来应该昨天就做完的.
2).Look,Tom is crying.I shouldn't have been so harsh on him.看,汤姆哭了,我本来不应该对他如此严厉.
3. “ ought to +have+done”表示过去应该做而实际并没有做,译成“ 理应做…… ”,往往表示遗憾.与“should+have+done”用法基本一样.
I ought to have gone home last Sunday.我理应上星期日回家.
You ought not to have given him more help.你不应该帮助他那么多.
4. “ need +have+done”表示 本来需要做某事而没有做 .“ needn't +have+done”则表示“ 本来不需要做某事而做了”.
I needn't have bought so much wine—only five people came.我本来没有必要买这么多酒,只来了五个人.
He need have hurried to the station.In that case,be wouldn't have missed the train.他本来需要快点去车站,那样的话,他就不会误了火车.
5. might (不能用 may) have done 表示“ 过去本可以做某事却未做。 ” 注意：其 否定形式 might not have done 没有虚拟语气的用法 ，might not have done 只能表推测，相当于 may not have done，意为：“过去可能没有做某事。”
1.He might have given you more help,even though he was busy.(MET90) 他或许会多给你一些帮助,即使他很忙.
6. “ would +have+done” 虚拟语气 ,表示对过去事情的假设,意思是“ 本来会做，但没有做 ”
它的使用在条件句中很常见.如
1. If I hadn’t been ill,I would have finished the work.
2.Without your help,I wouldn't have achieved so much.没有你的帮助,我是不会取得如此大的成绩.
3. I would have told you all about the boy's story, but you didn't ask me.
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