Question

求翻译···

全部家底换取翻译，以求打败那个变态老师，我刚大一啊！求高手，只要大体内容不用很准确。谢了···· Admixture
1. General
According to ASTM C 125(Terminology Relating to concrete and Concrete Aggregates),an admixture is defined as a material other than water ,aggregates, hydraulic cement fiber reinforcement, hat is used as an ingredient of concrete or mortar and added to the batch immediately before or during mixing. Admixtures are generally added to the basic ingredients that make up concrete to modify various properties of the concrete to make it more suitable for use. They are used only when the desired prosperities of the concrete to make it more suitable for use. They are used only when the desired properties cannot be achieved by altering the design mix. Currently, most used is reported t be 8885, and 71 percent, in Canada, Australia, and the United State, respectively. Admixtures consist broadly of
1. air-entraining admixtures
2. water reducing admixtures
3. set-controlling admixtures(retarders-accelerators
4. mineral admixtures
Air-entraining admixtures
Fresh concrete contains some air bubbles because of the difficulty of eliminating all air during mixing. Some of these bubbles are lost shortly after mixing. Others are entrapped in concrete. They are usually large in size and could form continuous channels in the concrete that may increase the permeability and reduce durability. The air-entraining agents stabilize the air bubbles that are reducing durability. By stabilizing the air bubbles, they introduce minute voids in concrete that are discontinuous, and on the average less than 0.05mm in diameter and are spaced less than 0.02mm.the most common way of incorporate ratting air in concrete is by means of surface active agents that reduce surface tension. The main entraining agents are natural wood resins and their soaps, animal vegetable fats and oils and alkali salts of subpoenaed or sulfated organic compounds.
The most important application of air-entraining chemicals is to increase the resistance of concrete to freeing and thawing. Research studies as well as practical experiences have shown that the entrapment of air in concrete increases very considerably the resistance of concrete to freezing and thawing. This durability enhancement is due mainly to the relief, caused by the minute dispersed air bubbles that act as expansion chambers of pressure caused by temperature and moisture variations in concrete.

Answer 1

根据《与混凝土和混凝土集料相关的标准术语》，混凝土添加剂是指一种除了水，碎石，液压水泥纤维强化剂和HAT之外的一种材料，它被当作混凝土或者砂浆的一种成分，在混合前或者混合中被加入。混凝土添加剂通常是被加入到几种混凝土基本组成成分中，以此来改变它们各自的属性使其更好地被应用。当混凝土的某种期望属性要得到提高或者某种属性通过改变设计结构得不到时，就要用混凝土添加剂。据报道，目前应用最多的添加剂是8885，71%在加拿大，澳大利亚和美国。混凝土添加剂大致分为以下几种：
1 引气剂
2 减水剂
3 缓凝剂
4 早强剂

引气剂
因为在混合的过程中很难清除所有的空气，所以新鲜的混凝土中有许多气泡，一些气泡在混合后的短期内会消失掉，其他的夹带在混凝土中。这些气泡通常体积比较大,并且可以形成连续的通道，增加混凝土的通透性和减少其耐久性。引气剂正好可以使这些会减少混凝土耐久性的气泡稳定，通过稳定气泡，形成一些不连续的细小孔洞，平均下来，每个孔洞的直径可以小于0.05毫米，孔间距离小于0.02 毫米。最常见的合并混凝土里面空气的方法是使用表面活性剂，以此来减少表面张力，主要的引器剂是天然木材树脂和肥皂，动物油脂和碱金属盐或硫酸碱金属盐的有机化合物。

空气引入化学剂的最重要的应用是提高混凝土的抗冻和解压能力。研究学习和实际经验表明，混凝土里面的空气包封从相当大的程度上提高了它的抗冻融能力。耐久性的提高主要是分散的小空气泡地作用，气泡在这里充当着压力的扩张者，这些压力来源于混凝土中温度和湿度的变化。