Question

求高二英语语法总结（详细的）虚拟语气

Answer 1

条件状语从句

条件状语从句分类
　　条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。
　　eg：
　　If he doesn't hurry up,he will miss the bus.如果他不快点，他将错过巴士。( 真实)
　　If he is free,he will ask me to tell stories.如果他是空闲的，他会要求我讲故事。（真实）
　　If I were you,I would go at once.如果我是你，我马上就会去。（我不可能是你。非真实，虚拟语气）
　　If there were no air,people would die.如果没有空气，人就会死亡。（不可能没有空气。非真实，虚拟语气）
用法及动词形式
　　1、表示与现在事实相反的情况：
　　从句：If 主语+过去时
　　主句：主语+should/would/could/might+do
　　eg：　
　　1．If I were you,I would take an umbrella.
　　如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不可能是你）
　　2．If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you.
　　如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。（事实：不知道）
　　3．If there were no air or water,there would be no living things on the earth.
　　如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实：地球上既有空气也有水)
　　4．If I had any money with me,I could lend you some.
　　如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。（事实：没带钱）
　　5．If he studied harder,he might pass the exam.
　　如果他再努力些，就能通过考试了。（事实：没有努力）
　　6．she looked at me as if I had been a stranger.
　　她看我的样子好像我是一个陌生人。（事实：我并非陌生人）　
　　2、表示与过去事实相反的情况
　　从句：If 主语+had+done
　　主句：主语+should/would/could/might+have done　
　　eg：
　　1． If I had got there earlier,I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。
　　（事实：去晚了）
　　2．If he had taken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。
　　（事实：没有听我的话）
　　3、表示对将来情况的主观推测
　　从句：①if+主语+were to do 主句：①主语+should/would/could/might+do
　　②if+主语+did/were ②主语+should/would/could/might+do　
　　③if+主语+should+do ③主语+should/would/could/might+do　
　　eg：
　　1．If he should come here tomorrow,I would talk to him.
　　如果他明天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。（事实：来的可能性很小）
　　2．If there were a heavy snow next Sunday,we would not go skating.
　　如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。（事实：不知能否下雪）
　　3．If she were to be here next Monday,I would tell her about the matter.
　　如果她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事的始末。
　　4、 有时，虚拟条件句中，结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。这种条件句叫错综条件句。
　　①从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。
　　eg：
　　If I had worked hard at school,I would be an engineer,too.
　　如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了
　　If they had informed us,we would not come here now.
　　如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。
　　②从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。
　　如：
　　If he were free today,we would have sent him to Beijing.
　　如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了。
　　If he knew her,he would have greeted her.
　　要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。
　　5、 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were,should,had时，if可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即把were,should,had等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语。eg：
　　Should he agree to go there,we would send him there.
　　要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。
　　Were she here,she would agree with us.
　　如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。
　　Had he learnt about computers,we would have hired him to work here.
　　如果他懂一些电脑知识的话，我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。
　　6、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句，在多数情况下，条件会暗含在短语中，如without…，but for…等
　　eg：
　　But for his help,we would be working now.
　　要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。
　　Without your instruction,I would not have made such great progress.
　　要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。
　　We didn't know his telephone number,otherwise we would have telephoned him.
　　我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们就会给他打电话。
　　7、 有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。
　　①省略从句
　　He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。
　　You could have passed this exam. 你本能通过这次考试的。
　　②省略主句
　　If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊。
　　If only I had got it. 要是只有我得到它了该多好啊。
　　8.注意，在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用were，不用was。
　　eg：If I were you,I would go to look for him.
　　如果我是你，就会去找他。
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各类用法

wish 后宾语从句
　　a、表示与现在事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用过去式
　　eg. I wish I hadyour brains.
　　我希望我有你那样的头脑。(事实：我根本比不上你)
　　b、表示与过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词：had+done
　　eg:.I wish I had known the truth of the matter.
　　我希望我那时就知道这件事情的真相。（事实：那时还不知道）
　　c、表示将来难以实现的愿望
　　谓语动词：should/would（情态动词） + 动词原形
　　eg. I wish I should have a chance again.
　　我希望我还能有一次这样的机会。（事实：很难再有这样的机会了）
　　(注：if only引导的感叹句和as if/as though引导的状语从句也有相同用法）
目的状语从句
　　1、在for fear that,in case,lest引导的从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为：should + do。并且 should能省略
　　She examined the door again for fear that a thief (should) come in.
　　她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。
　　He started out earlier lest he (should) be late.
　　他早早的就出发了以防迟到。
　　2、在so that,in order that所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为：can / could / may / might / will / would / should + do。
　　He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近说话的人以便能听得更清楚。
　　He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个字。
其他用法
　　1、一想要(desire一宁愿(prefer)一坚持（insist）二命令(order. command)三建议(advise. suggest. propose/recommend)四要求(demand. require. request. ask)中，无论主句谓语动词为何种时态，从句的谓语动词都用："should + do"。should可以省略。eg：
　　He suggestedthat we (should) takethe teacher's advice.
　　He insisted that we (should) takethe teacher's advice.
　　He demand that we (should) takethe teacher's advice.
　　He orderedthat we (should) takethe teacher's advice.
　　insist意为“坚持某种动作”才用虚拟语气；意为“坚持某种观点，某个事实”则不用虚拟语气。
　　eg：
　　He insists he is a student.
　　他坚持说他是个学生。
　　这个语句表示的是事实，因此在这个语句中不能使用虚拟语气。
　　suggest意为“建议”才用虚拟语气，意为“暗示”则不用虚拟语气。
　　eg：
　　His face suggests that he looks worried .
　　他的表情暗含着他很担心。
　　这个句子本身是事实，因此它就没有用到虚拟语气。
　　2、表情绪.观点的形容词或名词也要用虚拟语气.如：necessary、important、impossible、natural、strange、surprising、funny、right、wrong、better、a pity等。
　　句型：It is.......that +主语从句，从句的谓语动词都要用should+原型 或只用动词原型。
　　eg:
　　Do you think it is necessary that he (should)not be sent to Lingbao.
　　It is strange that such a person should be our friend.
　　奇怪的是这样一个人会成为我们的朋友。
　　注：这一点还没有准确的说法，希望善心人能把这点补充完全。
　　3、 在even if,even though 所引导的让步状语从句中用may/might+动词原形，may/might可以省略，表示与现在相反的情况；从句用过去完成时，表示与过去相反的情况，类似的词有though/even though/whatever/however/so long as; 主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。
　　eg：
　　Even if he were here himself,he should not know what to do.
　　即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。（事实：他没来）
　　Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here.
　　即使华佗在世也救不了他。（事实：华佗不在世）
　　4、 在whatever，whichever，whenever，whoever,wherever，however,no matter wh-等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为：
　　指现在或将来：may +do。
　　eg：
　　We will finish it on time no matter what may happen.
　　不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。
　　We will find him wherever he may be.
　　无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。
　　I will wait for him no matter how late he may come.
　　不管他来的多么晚，我都会等他。
　　指过去：may +have done 。
　　eg：
　　You mustn't be proud whatevergreat progress you may have made.
　　不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲。
　　We must respect him no matter what mistakes he may have made.
　　不管他犯过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。
　　5、一般would rather,had rather,would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：
　　过去 had + done　
　　现在 过去时(be 用were )
　　将来 过去时(be 用were ) （would rather将来情况用一般过去时）
　　eg：
　　I'd rather you had seen the film yesterday.
　　我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。
　　I'd rather you were here now.
　　我倒想你现在在这儿。
　　We'd rather you went here tomorrow.
　　我们倒想你明天去那儿
　　注：注意would rather，had rather，would sooner的细微差别，可以百度一下查查。
　　6、虚拟语气还可用在定语从句中，表示：“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ should + do（优先使用动词过去式），即从句用虚拟过去式。
　　It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school.
　　我该去学校接我的女儿了。
　　It is high time you should go to work.
　　你早该上班了。
　　7、 简单句中的虚拟语气
　　（1） 说话时，为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌，言语常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为：would / could / might / should +do。
　　eg：
　　Would you mind me shutting the door?
　　你介意我把门关起来吗？
　　You should always learn this lesson by heart.
　　你要把这个教训牢记于心。
　　I should agree with you.
　　我本该同意你的观点。（委婉的不同意）
　　（2）表示“祝愿”时，常用may + 主语+ do。
　　eg：
　　May you have a good journey!
　　祝你一路顺风。
　　May your youth last for ever!
　　祝你青春永驻。
　　（3）表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时，常用do。
　　eg：
　　Long live the Communist Party of China.
　　中国共产党万岁。
　　God bless us.
　　上帝保佑。
　　（4）习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。
　　① 提出请求或邀请。eg：
　　Would you like to have a talk with us this evening?
　　今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗？
　　Could I use your bike now?
　　我可以用一下你的单车吗？
　　② 陈述自己的观点或看法。eg：
　　I should glad to meet you.
　　见到你我会很高兴。
　　I would try my best to help you.
　　我会尽力帮助你。
　　③提出劝告或建议。eg：
　　You'd better ask your father first.
　　你最好先问一问你的父亲。
　　You should make a full investigation of it first.
　　你应该先全面调查一番。
　　④ 提出问题。eg：
　　Do you think he could get here on time
　　你认为他能按时来吗？
　　Do you expect he would tell us the truth?
　　你期望他会告诉我们真相吗？
　　⑤表示对过去情况的责备时，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：情态动词 + have done。
　　eg：
　　You should have got here earlier. 你早该到这里了。
　　You should have returned it to him. 你早该把它还给他了。
　　8、虚拟语气在方式状语从句的应用。详见百度百科之方式状语从句词条。
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虚拟语气误区

　　1.混合条件句的主从句时态不会灵活变化；
　　2.省略if时，句子调整不正确；
　　3.不会去找意思中的“应该”含义；
　　4.陷在虚拟中出不来，把真实条件句当成虚拟条件句。
　　【典型例题】
　　1） If I had seen the movie, I ______________ you all about it now.
　　A. would tell B. will tell C. have told D. would have told
　　解析：错选D。此题考查混合条件句。从句表对过去的虚拟，主句表对现在的虚拟，所以正确答案为A。
　　2）The volleyball match will be put off if it ___.
　　A.will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained
　　解析：答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。
　　3）_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.
　　A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I
　　解析：答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Weren't I to do.
　　4). My suggestion is that she ________ more exercise, which will do a lot of
　　good to her.
　　A. takes B. must take C. take D. took
　　解析：错选A。本题要表达“我的建议是她（应该）多锻炼，这对她会有很大好处。”符合虚拟的条件，所以正确答案为C。空前面省略了should.[1]
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省略虚拟条件

省略连词if
　　有时可将条件从句的连词if省略，但此时应用倒装句型，即把从句中的were,should,had 等提到句首：
　　Were I Tom,I would refuse. 如果我是汤姆，我会拒绝。
　　Should it be necessary,I would go. 假若有必要，我会去的。
　　Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived on time. 若不是天气坏，我们就准时到达了。
　　【注】
　　① 若条件从句为否定句，否定词not应置于主语之后，而不能与were,should,had 等缩略成Weren’t,Shouldn’t,Hadn’t而置于句首。
　　② 有时省略if后提前的had不是助动词：
　　Had I time,I would come. 假若我有时间，我会来的。(=If I had time…)
省略主语和动词be
　　若主从句主语一致，且谓语部分包含有动词be，通常可将主语和动词be省略：
　　If repaired earlier,the tractor would not have broken down.
　　要是早点儿修一下，拖拉机就不会抛锚了。(=If it had been repaired earlier…)
省略“it+be”
　　If necessary,I would send more farmhands to help you.
　　如果需要的话，我会派更多的人去帮你。(=If it was necessary,…)
省略条件从句
　　这样的省略通常需要借助一定的上下文，即省略条件从句后，所剩下的主句的意思在一定的上下文中意思是清楚的：
　　I might see her personally. It would be better. 我可以亲自去看她，这样好一些。(=If I saw her personally,it would be better.)
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含蓄条件句中

　　(1) 条件暗含在短语中。如：
　　We didn’t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.
　　我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们就会给他打电话。（暗含条件是otherwise）
　　Without your help,we wouldn’t have achieved so much.
　　没有你的帮助，我们不可能取得这么大的成绩。
　　（暗含条件是介词短语without your help）
　　But for your help,I would not have succeeded in the experiment.
　　如果没有你的帮助，我的实验就不会成功。（暗含条件是but for your help）
　　It would cause great trouble not to lubricate the bearing immediately.
　　不立即润滑轴承就会引起很大的故障。
　　（暗含条件是not to lubricate the bearing immediately）
　　(2) 条件暗含在上下文中。如：
　　I would not have done it that way.
　　我是不会那么做的。（可能暗含if I were you）
　　I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have come to help you.
　　我那天很忙。否则我会来帮你的。（可能暗含if I hadn’t been so busy.）
　　You might come to join us in the discussion.
　　你可以参加我们的讨论。（可能暗含if you wanted to）
　　I would have bought the DVD player.
　　我是会买下那台影碟机的。（可能暗含if I had the money）
　　But for the storm,we should have arrived earlier.
　　要不是碰到暴雨，我们还会早些到。（可能暗含if it had not been for the storm）。

Answer 2

语 法 讲 解
——虚拟语气
英语中有三种不同的语气：陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气。
虚拟语气表示动作或状态与事实相反，或不可能发生的情况。
一．虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中
1. 表示与现在事实相反或不可能发生：条件状语从句：一般过去时（虚拟语气中be→were）主句用：would(should, could, might)+动词原形。
If we had time now, we would read it again.
If I were you, I would work hard.
2. 表示与过去事实相反或不可能发生：条件状语从句：had+过去分词；主句：would(should, could, might)+have+过去分词。
If he had taken my advice, he would have succeeded in the test.
If I had known your telephone number then, I would have called you.
3. 表示与将来的事实可能相反或不可能发生：条件状语从句：①一般过去时②should +动词原形③were to+动词原形；主句：would(should, could, might)+动词原形。
If it should rain, the crops would be saved.
If it were to snow tomorrow, they would not go out.
P.S 虚拟条件句的特殊情况
(1). 混合/错综型虚拟语气
当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，称为‘错综条件句’，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。
If you had followed my advice, you would be better now.(从句说的是过去，主句是现在)
If I were you, I would have taken his advice.(从句是现在，主句是过去)
（2）省略if的虚拟语气
如果从句中含有were/ should/ had时，则可以把这三个词置于句首，省略if.采用倒装语序。
If it should happen, what would you do? →Should it happen, what would you do?
If he had recognized me, he would have come over. →Had he recognized me, he would have come over.
(3) 含蓄虚拟条件句
有时候假设的情况不以if引导的条件从句形式表现出来，而是通过一个介词短语，连词或其他形式表示。常用的词或短语有：without, with, but for(要是没有), otherwise, or, but等。
Without your help(=If we had not had your help), we could not have succeeded.
But for electricity(=If there were no electricity, there would be no modern industry.
He felt very tired yesterday, or/ otherwise he would have attended the party.
(4) 在if it were( had been )not for ….句型中的虚拟语气
虚拟语气也常用于‘if it were/(had been) not for ….’句型中，意为‘要不是由于…’。
If it were not for peace, we could not be living a happy life today.
If it had not been for your timely help, I would have gone bankrupt.
二． 虚拟语气用在名词性从句中
1.主语从句中的虚拟语气
这种虚拟语气主要用在it is+形容词（名词，过去分词）+that+主语+should+动词原形（should可以省略）这种结构中。
① 常见的这类形容词有：advisable, anxious, better, desirable, surprising, natural, necessary, strange, important, regretful.
② 常见的这类过去分词有：decided, demanded, recommended, requested, desired, required, ordered, suggested.
③ 常见的这类名词有：duty, pity, no surprise, no wonder, regret, shame.
It was suggested that he（should）join the club activities.
It is strange (surprising, disappointing) that she (should) not have been invited.
It is a pity that he (should) refuse to accept the offer.
2. 宾语从句中的虚拟语气
① wish 后面所跟宾语从句谓语动词用虚拟语气（意为要是，但愿…就好了），其形式主要有三种：
表示对现在情况的虚拟：wish后接一般过去时的从句
表示对过去情况的虚拟：wish后接过去完成时/should，could have done
表示对将来情况的虚拟：wish后接would，could+动词原形
I wish it were spring all year round.
I wish it would be fine tomorrow.
She wished she had stayed at home.
② 在表示建议，命令，要求等动词后的从句要用(should)+动词原形。此类动词有：suggest, advise, propose, demand, require, insist（要求）, order, prefer, command, ask, request.
The teacher ordered that all the books (should) be handed in on time.
P.S. 当suggest表示‘暗示，说明’之意；insist表示‘坚持认为，坚持说’之意时，从句不用虚拟，用正常的陈述语气。
The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.
The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with life.
3. 表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在表示建议，命令，要求的名词后的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词要用（should）+动词原形。常见名词有：advice, desire, request, demand, proposal, suggestion, preference, requirement, order.
He gave orders that the guests (should) be hospital entertained.
His proposal is that we (should) get rid of the bad habits.
三．虚拟语气在其他情况中的使用
1.在as if/ as though引导的状语从句中，若从句与事实相反，则要用虚拟语气。其形式如下：
主语+as if/ though +主语+一般过去时（从句的动作与主句同时发生）
主语+as if/ though +主语+would/could+动词原形（从句的动作相对主句来说在将来发生）
主语+as if/ though +主语+过去完成时（从句的动作先发生于主句动作之前）
He talks as if he knew all about it.
She speaks English well as if he had studied in America.
He learns English so hard as if he would go abroad.
2.在it is (high) time that …句型中也用虚拟语气，从句常用过去式，有时也用should +动词原形，表示早该做而没做的事，含建议的意味。
It is time that we went home.
P.S.此句型中，注意与‘It/This is the +序数词+time that+现在完成式的区别。
This is the first time that I have been here.
3.would rather后接动词原形，但接从句时要用虚拟语气（宁愿，但愿）。
Would rather +主语+一般过去时（表示与现在或将来相反）
Would rather +主语+过去完成时（表示与过去相反）
I’d rather he didn’t go now.
I’d rather you hadn’t done it.
4. if only后接从句也用虚拟语气，其形式与wish的用法一致。
5. 动词hope, intend, mean, plan, want, think等词用过去完成的形式，表示的意思为‘本想，本打算，本认为’
He had meant to buy the furniture last week, but it rained.
（他上周本打算去买那件家具，但却下雨了）