Question

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猩猩是一种生长和繁殖很慢的长寿动物。它们悠闲的生活史可能是为了适应在低死亡率的栖息地生活，以及度过食物稀缺的时期。在野外，雌性10岁进入青春期，但是5年后才可以生育。幼崽在1岁以前都会受到母猩猩的持续照料，当它们4岁大的时候，母猩猩才会离开。母猩猩对孩子十分耐心，幼崽在3岁断奶以前一直都睡在母猩猩的巢中。即使在断奶之后，幼年猩猩还经常与母猩猩来往。雌性猩猩的产崽间隔通常是8年。在野外，雌性能够活45岁左右，因此它们一生最多能够生产并养活4个孩子，这也许是所有哺乳动物当中数量最少的。

雄性猩猩通常在12岁的时候达到性成熟（“接近成年”）。完全成熟的雄性体型大约是雌性的两倍，它们脸颊边缘的纤维组织将脸部变得更宽，有着大而长的喉节，手臂和背上有长长的、斗篷一样的毛发；也能发出低沉的“长叫”。它们的第二性特征出现的时间有很大变化：发育最快的未成年雄性能在不到10年的时间达到完全成熟，而有些猩猩似乎要停留20年或者更长的时间才能最终成熟。这种发育上的停留现象可能是一种适应性的交配策略，这种现象在苏门答腊岛更加常见，那里的种群当中未成年与成年的比例要比婆罗洲种群的比例高出三倍。

猩猩是一种相当独行的动物，特别是生活在婆罗洲的猩猩。成年的猩猩大部分都是独自行动和进食的。它们的后代在断奶之后会逐渐变得更加独立。雄性猩猩一般到了青春期以后就会和母亲断开关系，但是雌性猩猩还会经常回来。幼年和青春期的猩猩有的时候会一起玩上几个小时，甚至成对地在周围走动或紧跟着家庭。当几只成年猩猩相遇时，比如被同一棵果树吸引，它们几乎不会进行社会互动，在吃完以后会各自离开。

苏门答腊猩猩之间的社会交往要多一些。除了低等级的成年雄性以外，各个阶层的猩猩都是群居并一起活动的。与婆罗洲猩猩相比，苏门答腊猩猩更多地吃水果和无脊椎动物，比较少吃树皮，而且它们在使用工具上也具有垄断性。这些差异最终来源于它们比较高的种群密度，这也反映了它们栖息地比较高的食物产量。在物产丰富的栖息地，集体行动和进食的代价比较低，因此它们能够从群体生活当中受益，比如学习使用工具的技能。

猩猩认识每一只和它们的活动领域经常重叠的其他猩猩，并会与之建立社会关系。雌性猩猩会和某些猩猩优先建立关系，而这种关系也是与繁殖同步的。虽然未成年雄性之间偶尔会建立联结，但是雄性之间的关系更大程度上是竞争性的。雄性在一天中会发出好几次“长叫”，目的是让低等级雄性不要靠近，但是当成年雄性相遇时，它们就会上演激烈而富有侵略性的展示，有的时候还会导致在地面的追逐和打斗。只要未成年雄性能够恭敬地待在一定距离以外，成年雄性还是能够容忍它们的。

不管什么时候，只要有机会，即将成年的雄性就会尝试与能够怀孕的雌性来往，但是能够怀孕的雌性则会选择当地处于统治地位的成年雄性，这只雄性一般都能够成功地阻止大部分即将成年的雄性与雌性交配。因此，那些没有被选中的雄性，不管是成年的还是即将成年的，当它们遇到一只单独的雌性时，通常会通过恶意的撕咬来制服激烈反抗的雌性。

在婆罗洲，由雌性发起的与统治地位的雄性的配偶关系会持续几天；而在苏门答腊岛，这种关系可能会持续几个星期。可能与此相关的就是，过半的苏门答腊猩猩的交配是配合的，而在婆罗洲，90%的交配活动都是通过暴力实现的。雌性花大量的时间寻找雄性有什么益处仍然是个谜；可能它是在为自己的后代选择优良的基因，也可能是为了寻求统治地位的雄性的保护。

Answer 1

第一段The orangutan is one kind of growth and the reproduction very slowlongevity animal. Their leisurely and carefree life history possiblyis for adapt in the low mortality rate habitat life, as well as passedthe food scarce time. In the open country, the female 10 years oldenter the puberty, after but 5 years only then may give birth. Youngson in 1 year old of before can receive the female orangutan tocontinue the care, when their 4 years old are big, the femaleorangutan only then can leave. The female orangutan is extremelypatient to the child, the young son was weaned before in 3 years oldcontinuously all rested in the female orangutan's nest. Even if afterbeing weaned, the childhood orangutan also frequently communicateswith the female orangutan. The female orangutan produces the son to beseparated usually is 8 years. In the open country, the female can liveabout 45 years old, therefore their life are most can produce andsupport 4 children, perhaps this is in the middle of all mammal thequantity least.
第二段Male orangutan usually at 12 year-old time achieved the nature ismature ("approaches grown-up"). The completely mature male buildprobably is female two times, their cheeks edge fiber structurechanges the face widely, has big and the long Adam's apple, the armand carries on the back long has, the cape same hair; Also can sendout low and deep "long calls". Their second characteristic appears thetime has very sweeping change: Grows the quickest underage maleperformance to achieve in 10 years completely maturely, but someorangutans must pause as if 20 year or a longer time can finally bemature. This kind grows the pause phenomenon is possibly one kind ofcompatible copulation strategy, this kind of phenomenon is more commonin the Sumatran island, in the middle of there population underage andthe grown-up proportion must outdo three times compared to the Borneopopulation's proportion.
第三段The orangutan is an animal which one kind quite acts alone, speciallylives in Borneo's orangutan. The grown-up orangutan majority of all isalone moves and eats food. Their descendant after being weaned cangradually change independently. The male orangutan generally willarrive the puberty later to be able to separate the relations with themother, but the female orangutan also could frequently come back. Thechildhood and the puberty orangutan has time can play together forseveral hours, even pairs takes a walk in periphery or is followingclose on the family. When several grown-up orangutans meet oneanother, for instance by the identical fruit tree attraction, theynearly cannot carry on the social interaction, was finishing eatinglater to be able respectively to leave.
第四段Between the Sumatran orangutan's society associates wants manysomewhat. Besides the low grade grown-up male gender, each socialstratum orangutan all is lives in groups and moves together. Compareswith the Borneo orangutan, the Sumatran orangutan more eats the fruitand the non- vertebrate, compared with little eats the bark, moreoverthey in use on the tool also to have the monopoly. These differencesfinally originate from they quite high population density, this hasalso reflected their habitat quite high food output. In the productrich habitat, the price which the collective action and eats foodquite is low, therefore they can profit from the community life, forinstance the study uses the tool the skill.
第五段The orangutan knew each and their field of activity frequently overlapother orangutans, and can relate with it establishment society. Thefemale orangutan can first establish the relations with certainorangutans, but this kind of relations also is and reproductionsynchronization. Although between the underage male genderoccasionally can establish the joint, but between in a male relationalgreater degree is competitive. The male gender can "long send outquite several in one day to call", the goal is lets the low grade malegender not have to approach, but when the grown-up male gender meets afavorable opportunity, they can perform intense and the richaggressive demonstration, some times also can cause in the ground topursue and to fight. So long as the underage male gender canrespectfully treat outside the certain distance, the grown-up malegender or can tolerate them.
第六段No matter when, so long as has the opportunity, soon grows up the malegender can attempt with the female which can be pregnant communicates,but can be pregnant the female can choose the locality to be at thedominant position the grown-up male gender, this male gender generallyall can successfully prevent the male gender and the female copulationwhich majority of soon grows up. Therefore, these have not beenselected male gender, no matter is grown-up is soon grows up, whenthey meet an independent female, usually can rip through the evilintention nips the uniform intense revolt the female.
第七段In Borneo, initiates by the female relates with the dominant statusmale spouse can continue several days; But in the Sumatran island,this kind of relations possibly can continue for several weeks.Possible and this correlation is, the more than half Sumatranorangutan's copulation is the coordination, but in Borneo, 90%copulation activity all is through the violence realization. Thefemale flowered massive time sought the male gender to have any profitstill were a riddle; Possible it is in chooses the fine gene for owndescendant, also possibly is for seek the dominant status the maleprotection.
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